中国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气差异富集特征与控制因素
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Discussion on characteristics and controlling factors of differential enrichment of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas in South China
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收稿日期: 2019-09-29 修回日期: 2019-11-14 网络出版日期: 2020-02-19
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Received: 2019-09-29 Revised: 2019-11-14 Online: 2020-02-19
作者简介 About authors
邱振(1984-),男,安徽亳州人,高级工程师,博士后,主要从事非常规油气沉积学、非常规油气地质与资源评价等方面研究.E-mail:
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本文引用格式
邱振, 邹才能, 王红岩, 董大忠, 卢斌, 陈振宏, 刘德勋, 李贵中, 刘翰林, 何江林, 魏琳.
QIU Zhen, ZOU Cai-neng, WANG Hong-yan, DONG Da-zhong, LU Bin, CHEN Zhen-hong, LIU De-xun, LI Gui-zhong, LIU Han-lin, HE Jiang-lin, WEI Lin.
0 引言
页岩气是指主要以游离态和吸附态赋存于富有机质页岩层段中的天然气,主体上为自生自储、大面积连续型天然气聚集[1,2,3,4]。目前,中国页岩气主要产自华南地区四川盆地及周缘的五峰组—龙马溪组[1,5,6,7,8,9]。五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气经过近10年的勘探开发,逐步形成了威远、长宁—昭通、涪陵等国家级示范区及泸州、东溪—丁山、叙永、巫溪等诸多重要勘探潜力区[6,9](图1)。截至2018年4月五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气累计探明地质储量超1×1012 m3,2019年中石油西南油气田在长宁、威远页岩气田又新增页岩气探明地质储量6 050×108 m3。截至2019年底,已探明地质储量约为1.8×1012 m3。我国页岩气已具产量规模,2018年产量约为109×108 m3,2019年产量约为154×108 m3,为全球第二大页岩气产区。特别是近几年来,随着勘探深度不断增加,深层页岩气逐步取得重大突破。中石油矿权内足202-H1井、黄202井、泸203井相继获得高产气流,其中中石油西南油气田公司泸203井测试页岩气日产量达137.9×104 m3[10],成为国内首口单井测试日产量超百万立方米的页岩气井。2019年以来,中石化在四川盆地南川复杂构造区常压页岩气和綦江东溪—丁山深层页岩气勘探取得重要突破,落实了2个1 000×108 m3规模增储。同时,中石油浙江油田公司在叙永县太阳构造的首口浅层页岩气井——阳102井获得工业气流,实现了浅层页岩气领域重要突破。这些勘探开发新进展进一步表明,五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气资源潜力较大,在我国未来天然气产量增长中将发挥着重要作用。
图1
大量勘探开发实践与研究表明[1,6,7,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18],五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气富集段在纵向上特征显著,即:五峰组—龙马溪组页岩层系厚度一般可达300 m以上,但页岩气主要富集于该层系底部的富有机质页岩段,厚度一般为10~60 m,不到页岩层系总厚度的五分之一[4]。同时,其在区域上也具有较大差异,包括页岩气富集层段厚度、含气量、单井产量等方面。如涪陵和长宁地区页岩气富集层段含气量平均约为4.2 m3/t和4.1 m3/t,威远和昭通地区相对偏低,平均值分别为2.9 m3/t和2.3 m3/t[3]。目前我国一些学者[1,8,13,14,15]对五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气富集与高产模式及控制因素已开展了较多研究,并基本达成共识,即早期富有机质沉积是富集的基础、后期有效保存条件是高产的关键。由于这些研究多数是针对一个区块(如涪陵焦石坝)或者不同区块的高产富集特征进行研究,而对不同地区的页岩气差异富集特征及控制因素探讨相对偏少。同时,已有研究更多偏重于页岩气高产的控制因素探讨,而对页岩气富集基础相关的有机质差异富集研究较少。因此,基于前人已发表成果,结合笔者们已有研究基础,本文对我国南方威远、长宁、涪陵及巫溪等地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气差异富集特征进行初步研究,尝试从有机质差异富集沉积的研究角度进一步探讨其控制因素,以期为我国页岩气的高效勘探开发提供有力支撑。
1 页岩气差异富集特征
诸多勘探开发实践已证实我国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气含气量纵向上变化较大,主要富集于该页岩层系的底部富有机质页岩段,含气量一般分布在1.5~4.5 m3/t之间,TOC含量一般分布在1.5%~5.0%之间[1,12,13,15,19]。为了更好地表征五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气差异富集特征,本文基于已有研究基础,结合国土资源部2014年发布的《页岩气资源储量计算与评价技术规范》(DZ/T0254—2014)相关的TOC含量、含气量等下限标准,把含气量≥2.0 m3/t 和TOC含量≥2.0%为主的层段作为页岩气富集层段,称为页岩气有利(富集)段,其余称为非富集段(图2)。在此基础上,结合中国石油公司海相页岩气勘探开发实践,将有利(富集)段内含气量≥3.0 m3/t 和TOC含量≥3.0%为主的层段作为页岩气甜点段[4](图3)。“甜点”(Sweet spot)一词较早由SHURR等[20]提出,主要指非常规浅层生物气成因天然气盆地中含气或产气最好的地理区域。随后这一个概念被应用于非常规油气资源评价中[21,22,23]。我国学者将这一术语广泛用于非常规油气勘探开发相关研究中[1,6,24,25,26,27,28],并进一步扩大它的使用范围,将岩石地层中油气富集层段内的优质段称为“甜点段”(Sweet-spot interval),是当前勘探开发的目标层段,而甜点段在地理区域上连续分布,并具有一定规模,可以形成“甜点区”(Sweet-spot area)[4],它是页岩气平面上的相对富集区。中国南方地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气有利(富集)段与甜点段在厚度、含气量、TOC含量等方面具有明显差异。
图2
图2
中国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气主要勘探开发区有利(富集)段分布特征(修改自文献[4],部分数据引自文献[1, 8, 13])
Fig.2
Distribution of favorable intervals of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas from main exploration blocks of shale gas in South China (modified from the Ref. [4]; some data from the Refs. [1, 8, 13])
图3
图3
中国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气主要勘探开发区甜点段分布特征(部分数据引自文献[1, 8, 13])
Fig.3
Distribution of sweet-spot intervals of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas from main exploration blocks of shale gas in South China (some data from the Refs. [1, 8, 13])
1.1 甜点段厚度差异分布特征
1.2 含气量差异分布特征
图4
图4
中国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气非富集段(a)、有利富集段(含甜点段)(b)、甜点段(c)含气量分布(部分数据引自文献[1, 7-9, 11-13, 19, 29])
Fig.4
Distribution of total gas contents from unfavorable interval (a), favorable interval (b), sweet-spot interval (c) of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas in South China (some data from the Refs.[1, 7-9, 11-13, 19, 29])
上述数据进一步按照不同区域对比分析,主要为威远、长宁、涪陵及巫溪地区,它们的有利(富集)段和甜点段含气量均存在着较大差异(图5),具体为:
图5
图5
中国南方不同区域(典型井)五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气有利(富集)段(a)、甜点段(b)含气量差异分布
Fig.5
Distribution of total gas contents from favorable interval (a), sweet-spot interval (b) of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas from typical gas wells in South China
(1)有利(富集)段:威远地区和巫溪地区的含气量较相似,主体数据分别为1.8~4.9 m3/t和1.9~4.9 m3/t;长宁地区一般为2.1~5.5 m3/t;涪陵地区的最高,一般为3.8~7.0 m3/t[图5(a)]。
(2)甜点段:威远地区的含气量主体介于4.7~7.2 m3/t;长宁地区一般为3.2~5.5 m3/t;涪陵地区的仍为最高,一般为4.7~7.7 m3/t;巫溪地区含气量相对最差,一般为3.4~5.0 m3/t[图5(b)]。
值得注意的是,含气量差异在部分可能来自于测定方法的不同。目前页岩含气量主要通过2种方式测试:一种为间接测定法,即通过等温吸附实验确定吸附气含量、测井解释或实验确定游离气含量,从而得出总含气量;另一种为直接测定法,即通过钻井现场取岩心直接放入密封罐,直接测定页岩中含气量[30]。间接法中受实测数据限制难以准确刻度测井数据从而造成页岩地层中游离气含量估算存在着一定误差;同时,由于吸附实验难以完全模拟真实地层条件下的吸附气量,以此估算吸附气量也存在着一定误差;直接法中损失气量无法直接测定,从而使得游离气和吸附气含量估算存在着一定偏差,尤其是对游离气含量影响最大。诸多研究表明,游离气是页岩含气量的主要部分,如美国典型页岩气田中游离气占总含气量的20%~80%[31],而我国四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气总游离气含量可达70%。故本文尽量选择同一种测定方法获得的含气量数据,以减少不同测试方法带来的误差。
1.3 页岩有机质差异富集特征
基于我国南方五峰组—龙马溪组1 000余件页岩TOC含量数据分析,结果表明该套页岩层系纵向上TOC含量变化较大(图6),低者可在0.5%以下,高者可达10%以上。非富集段TOC含量一般低于2.0% [图6(a)];有利(富集)段TOC含量变化范围较大,主体分布为2.0%~5.0% [图6(b)];甜点段作为页岩气有利段中最优质含气量富集段,其TOC含量主体为3.0%~6.5% [图6(c)]。对来自威远、长宁、涪陵及巫溪地区典型井或剖面进行区域对比分析,如图7所示,五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气有利(富集)段和甜点段TOC含量存在着一定差异。对于页岩气有利(富集)段,威远地区和长宁地区的TOC含量较相似,主体数据分别为2.1%~4.7%和2.2%~4.9%;涪陵地区和巫溪地区的相对偏高,主体数据分别为2.0%~6.7%和1.7%~5.9%[图7(a)]。这4个地区的甜点段TOC含量与有利段的总体趋势相似,表现为威远地区和长宁地区偏低,主体数据分别为4.1%~5.4%和3.3%~5.4%;而涪陵地区和巫溪地区的相对偏高,主体数据分别为4.0%~7.5%和4.7%~8.0% [图7(b)]。
图6
图6
中国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气非富集段(a)、有利富集段(含甜点段)(b)、甜点段(c)TOC含量分布(部分数据引自文献[1, 7-9, 11-13, 19, 32])
Fig.6
Distribution of TOC contents from unfavorable interval (a), favorable interval (b), sweet-spot interval (c) of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas in South China (some data from the Refs. [1, 7-9, 11-13, 19, 32])
图7
图7
中国南方不同区域(典型井)五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气有利(富集)段(a)、甜点段(b)的TOC含量差异分布
Fig.7
Distribution of TOC contents from favorable interval (a), sweet-spot interval (b) of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas from typical gas wells in South China
综上所述,我国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气在纵向上和区域上均具有一定差异富集特征,具体表现在纵向上集中发育甜点段,区域上甜点段厚度、含气量、TOC含量存在较大变化。
2 页岩有机质丰度是影响页岩气富集程度的关键因素
含气量作为衡量页岩气富集程度的关键指标,其影响因素较多[29,32,33,34,35,36],如岩性、有机质类型、有机质丰度即TOC含量、成熟度、石英含量、黏土矿物含量、孔隙度、黄铁矿含量及后期保存条件(断裂发育程度)等。而对于我国南方普遍高成熟度的五峰组—龙马溪组页岩,诸多研究已表明页岩TOC含量是影响页岩气含气量的重要因素[29,34,35]。基于我国南方威远、长宁、涪陵、巫溪等地区近400件岩心含气量与TOC含量数据统计分析,结果表明这4个地区的含气量与TOC含量具有较好正相关性(图8)。总体上,对于相同TOC含量样品,威远地区含气量最高,其次分别为长宁地区、涪陵地区,而巫溪地区含气量最差(图8)。
图8
图8
中国南方不同区域(典型井)五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气含气量与TOC含量相关性分析(部分数据引自文献[1, 7-9, 11-13, 19, 29])
Fig.8
Cross plot between total gas contents and TOC contents of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas from different exploration blocks (typical gas wells) in South China (some data from the Refs.[1,7-9,11-13,19,29])
五峰组—龙马溪组页岩中含有大量有机质,有利于页岩气大量生成和储集[4]。一方面,是因为这些有机质主要由具有较多脂肪族结构的浮游藻类、疑源类和细菌等组成[37],它们均具有较高的生烃潜力[38,39];另一方面,有机质在生烃过程中热解作用可以发育大量纳米级孔隙[40,41],形成纳米级孔喉系统,为页岩气提供大量储集空间[40]。据统计美国5大主要产气页岩层系中,有机质纳米孔所储层的页岩气占其总储量的20%~50%[42,43]。中国南方地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气甜点段的有机质孔隙直径主体分布于50~300 nm[1],其孔隙占页岩总孔隙度的50%以上[6,13]。因此,可以认为五峰组—龙马溪组页岩的有机质丰度(TOC含量)是影响其页岩气富集程度的关键因素。
3 五峰组—龙马溪组有机质及含气量差异富集主控因素探讨
有机质富集沉积的主控因素研究相对较多[44,45,46,47,48],在本质上主要涉及到水体表层生产力和底部氧化还原条件。高古生产力是有机质大量形成的前提条件,缺氧沉积水体有利于有机质大量保存[17,49,50,51,52,53]。大量研究表明,五峰组—龙马溪组页岩中发育大量藻类、放射虫、笔石等生物[37,54,55,56,57],且具有较高的钡(Ba)、磷(P)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)等营养元素含量[8,17,58]。这些均指示着该时期总体上为高生产力背景。生源钡(Babio)常作为现代和古代海洋生产力的指标,现代环太平洋赤道附近高生产力地区水体中Babio含量一般在1 000×10-6以上[59],古代富有机质沉积物中Babio含量一般在500×10-6以上[60,61]。我国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩Babio含量一般高于500×10-6[图9(a)] [50,62,63],表明其沉积时期的海洋表层水体总体上为高生产力。
图9
图9
中国南方五峰组—龙马溪组不同层段TOC含量与古生产力指标Babio(a)、缺氧条件指标U/Th(b)和V/Cr(c)及交会图(部分数据引自文献[17, 32, 50, 53, 62])
Fig.9
Cross plots between TOC content and Babio concentration (a), TOC content and U/Th ratio (b), TOC content and V/Cr ratio (c) from different intervals of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale gas in South China (some data from the Refs. [17, 32, 50, 53, 62])
图10
图10
中国南方不同区域五峰组—龙马溪组底部页岩沉积水体缺氧条件演化分布(修改自文献[32])
Fig.10
Evolution of bottom water redox condition of Wufeng-Longmaxi formations shale from different exploration blocks in South China (modified from the Ref. [32])
(1)五峰组—龙马溪组底部即页岩气有利(富集)段沉积时期,总体上发育2个铁化—硫化缺氧旋回。第一个旋回对应于笔石带为 D. Complexus -M. extraodinarius,第二个旋回对应于笔石带为M. extraodinarius- A. ascensus。
基于中国南方四川盆地及周缘五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气甜点段(区)地质特征解剖,结合当前页岩气勘探开发实践,笔者们[4]提出了页岩气甜点段形成需具有4项基本条件:①缺氧陆棚环境发育富有机质沉积,有利于页岩气大量生成;②有机质发育纳米孔喉系统,有利于页岩气大量储集;③相对稳定陆棚环境发育封闭的顶板与底板,有利于页岩气有效保存;④低沉积速率控制纹层发育与富硅质沉积,易于形成微裂缝,有利于页岩气有效开采。在这4项基本条件中,硫化缺氧陆棚环境是其他3个条件发育的物质基础,也是非常规油气沉积学的重要研究内容之一[4,69]。而甜点区作为甜点段在区域上的延伸,它的形成需要在区域上具备甜点段发育的所有条件,而其最终规模与分布则受控于后期构造活动的改造强度。这是因为我国南方地区经历海西、印支、燕山等多期构造运动,五峰组—龙马溪组页岩层系沉积以后经历了多次挤压、抬升等[14,70,71],一些地区发育断裂带。在断裂带附近页岩层系中,断层能够切穿页岩气富集层段,形成断裂系统网络,会降低页岩中含气量,加快甜点段页岩气散失,从而不利于页岩气甜点区形成[4]。比如川东北巫溪地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气甜点段厚度可达20 m,明显厚于威远等其他页岩气产区(图3)。但其页岩产状变陡且发育大量断层,使得在页岩TOC含量相同情况下,巫溪地区含气量明显低于威远等其他地区(图8)。
需要特别说明的是,页岩气作为自生自储天然气藏,虽然具有“一井一藏”特征,但其“富集”不一定代表“高产”。这是因为影响页岩气单井产量高低因素较多且机理较为复杂,包括含气量、地层压力、天然裂缝等地质条件、工程、开发等技术诸多因素。如泸州地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气甜点段的含气量与TOC含量平均分别为5.5~6.7 m3/t和4.0%~5.5%,与涪陵、长宁地区的差异不大,甚至略低。2019年初泸203井测试页岩气日产量高达137.9×104 m3,这与该地区甜点段埋深、钻井技术、压裂工艺等密切相关。泸州地区甜点段埋深一般超过3 500 m,超过长宁地区的平均埋深(1 500~2 000 m)。泸203井采用深层页岩气优快钻井技术[10],并在压裂过程中借鉴北美新一代压裂技术,实施“密切割+高强度加砂+暂堵转向”压裂工艺,大幅度提高了微裂缝发育页岩储层的体积改造程度。另一个比较典型勘探实例为巫溪地区。虽然该地区发育甜点段,但所钻探的3口评价井(巫溪2井、溪202和溪203井)均未见页岩气产量。因为该区构造断裂发育,甜点段难以在区域上形成甜点区,从而使得水平井钻井过程中易沟通断裂,易于天然气散失,压裂后更是难以形成产量。
综上所述,我国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩沉积时期的海洋表层水体总体为高生产力背景,是有机质大量生成的重要前提条件,而在断裂带发育较弱的构造稳定区域,硫化缺氧的水体条件是控制页岩气纵向上甜点段及区域上甜点区形成的关键因素。
4 结论
(1)我国南方海相五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气具有明显差异富集特征,具体为:纵向上在页岩气有利(富集)段内发育甜点段,不同区域上甜点段的厚度、含气量、TOC含量存在较大变化。综合分析表明,在威远、长宁、涪陵3个页岩气开发示范区及巫溪勘探区中,涪陵地区的甜点段厚度最大,一般为30~50 m,含气量也最高,主体为4.7~7.7 m3/t,TOC含量较高,一般为4.0%~7.5%;其次为长宁地区,其甜点段厚度一般为15~40 m,含气量一般为3.2~5.5 m3/t,TOC含量一般为3.3%~5.4%;威远地区的甜点段厚度最小(5~10 m),但其含气量相对较高,主体为4.7~7.2 m3/t,TOC含量一般为4.1%~5.4%;巫溪地区甜点段含气量相对最差,一般为3.4~5.0 m3/t,且其厚度相对较薄(5~20 m),但其TOC含量最高,一般为4.7%~8.0%。
(2)影响页岩气含气量高低的因素较多,但威远、长宁、涪陵、巫溪等地区典型井的含气量与TOC含量关系分析结果表明,它们具有较好正相关性。总体上,对于相同TOC含量样品,威远地区含气量最高,其次分别为长宁地区、涪陵地区,而巫溪地区含气量最差。由于大量有机质,有利于页岩气大量生成和储集,故提出五峰组—龙马溪组页岩的有机质丰度(TOC含量)是影响其页岩气富集程度的关键因素。
(3)我国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩沉积时期的海洋表层水体总体为高生产力背景,是有机质大量生成的重要前提条件。尽管我国南方五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气在页岩中形成与富集受到水体沉积条件、有机质聚集等早期沉积环境及后期构造活动等因素的共同控制,但在断裂带发育较弱的构造稳定区域,硫化缺氧的水体条件是控制页岩气纵向上甜点段及区域上甜点区形成的关键因素,即页岩气差异富集的关键因素。
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