天然气地质学

四川盆地德阳—安岳裂陷晚震旦世—早寒武世沉积演化特征与有利勘探方向

  • 谢武仁 ,
  • 姜华 ,
  • 马石玉 ,
  • 汪泽成 ,
  • 郝涛 ,
  • 付小东 ,
  • 苏楠 ,
  • 李文正 ,
  • 武赛军 ,
  • 王小丹 ,
  • 黎荣
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  • 中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京 100083

谢武仁(1980-),男,江西临川人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事沉积储集层与区带目标研究. E-mail:.

收稿日期: 2021-11-13

  修回日期: 2022-03-09

  网络出版日期: 2022-08-16

Sedimentary evolution characteristics and favorable exploration directions of Deyang-Anyue Rift within the Sichuan Basin in Late Sinian-Early Cambrian

  • Wuren XIE ,
  • Hua JIANG ,
  • Shiyu MA ,
  • Zecheng WANG ,
  • Tao HAO ,
  • Xiaodong FU ,
  • Nan SU ,
  • Wenzheng LI ,
  • Saijun WU ,
  • Xiaodan WANG ,
  • Rong LI
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  • PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development,Beijing 100083,China

Received date: 2021-11-13

  Revised date: 2022-03-09

  Online published: 2022-08-16

Supported by

The Major Scientific and Technological Project of PetroChina(2021DJ0605)

本文亮点

安岳大气田的发现,推动了板内裂陷动力学及沉积充填过程研究,但目前有关德阳—安岳裂陷成因及演化认识尚存争议。通过大量地震资料解释,结合最新钻井资料,系统研究了裂陷演化成因及沉积充填特征,指出有利勘探区带。主要认识为:①德阳—安岳裂陷形成于晚震旦世—早寒武世,具有“北沉降、南侵蚀”差异演化特征。裂陷由北往南张裂,灯二期台地边缘在绵阳—蓬莱—大足—资阳地区发育;灯四期裂陷进一步向南延伸到泸州地区;灯影末期,裂陷北部沉降,中南部抬升剥蚀,部分地区灯三段和灯四段剥蚀殆尽。②德阳—安岳裂陷灯影末期北部沉降大于南部,沉降中心在绵阳—成都一带;麦地坪末期北部继续沉降,南部开始出现沉降;筇竹寺期形成绵阳—成都、宜宾—泸州南北2个沉降中心。③德阳—安岳裂陷周缘形成侵蚀型、加积型和退积型3类台缘储层,叠合寒武系麦地坪组—筇竹寺组厚层烃源岩,形成了蓬莱—剑阁—老关庙地区和资阳—威远地区2个有利勘探区带,勘探面积达3×104 km2

本文引用格式

谢武仁 , 姜华 , 马石玉 , 汪泽成 , 郝涛 , 付小东 , 苏楠 , 李文正 , 武赛军 , 王小丹 , 黎荣 . 四川盆地德阳—安岳裂陷晚震旦世—早寒武世沉积演化特征与有利勘探方向[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2022 , 33(8) : 1240 -1250 . DOI: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2022.03.012

Highlights

The discovery of Anyue giant gas field has promoted the research on in-plate fracture dynamics and se-dimentary filling process,but the current understanding of the origin and revolution of Deyang-Anyue Rift remains controversial. By interpreting large amounts of seismic data and combining latest drilling data, this paper systematically studied the origin, revolution and sedimentary filling characteristics of the rift and identified favorable exploration zones. The conclusions are as follows: Deyang-Anyue Rift was formed during Late Sinian-Early Cambrian epoch, with a differential evolution characteristic of “sedimentation in the north, erosion in the south”. The rift fractured from north to south, and platform margins were developed in the second member of Dengying Formation in Mianyang-Penglai-Dazu-Ziyang region. In the fourth member of Dengying Formation, the rift further extended south to Luzhou area. In the late depositional stage of Dengying Formation, the northern part of the rift went through sedimentation, and the southern part went through uplift and denudation, resulting in erosion of the third and fourth members of Dengying Formation in some areas. In the late depositional stage of Dengying Formation, the sedimentation volume of the northern part of Deyang-Anyue Rift was bigger than that of the southern part, and the deposition center was located in Mianyang-Chengdu region. During the late depositional stage of Maidiping Formation, sedimentation continued in the northern part and occurred in the southern part. In the depositional period of Qiongzhusi Formation, two deposition centers were formed, with Mianyang-Chengdu in the South and Yibin-Luzhou in the North. Three types of reservoirs related to platform margins were developed, including erosion type, aggradation type and retrogradation type. Combined with the thick source rocks of Maidiping-Qiongzhusi formations, two favorable exploration zones were developed in Penglai-Laoguanmiao of Jiange region and Ziyang-Weiyuan region, the exploration area of which reaches 30 000 km2.

0 引言

近十年来,四川盆地围绕川中古隆起进行油气勘探,不断获得勘探突破。安岳万亿方大气田的发现,特别是发现了晚震旦世—早寒武世德阳—安岳裂陷,推动了四川盆地震旦系—寒武系基础地质研究1-12。前人135-612-16虽然从不同角度对德阳—安岳裂陷成因,以及裂陷构造演化在控烃、控储和控藏方面的作用等做了很多探讨,但对于该裂陷成因与形成时期观点不一。裂陷成因有侵蚀槽、拉张槽、克拉通内裂陷和拉张侵蚀槽等认识,裂陷形成时间有寒武纪早期、前震旦纪裂谷继承性活动、灯一期—龙王庙期和震旦纪等多种认识135-612-16。随着德阳—安岳裂陷两侧灯影组天然气勘探的不断深入以及寻找接替领域的迫切需求,特别是近期位于裂陷内的蓬探1井17和古隆起北斜坡的角探1井均获得重大突破18-20,对裂陷成因及沉积演化特征的认识更加迫切。
本文通过解释3.2×104 km二维、1.2×104 km2三维地震资料,结合最新钻井资料,精细刻画了德阳—安岳裂陷展布及侧翼台缘带分布,提出裂陷震旦系灯影组具有“北沉降、南侵蚀”演化过程,早寒武世具有“北早南晚”沉降过程。该认识对于四川盆地震旦系—寒武系的勘探具有重要的实践意义。

1 地质背景

四川盆地震旦系—下寒武统分布广泛,震旦系分为上、下两统,上震旦统灯影组以碳酸盐岩沉积为主,下震旦统陡山沱组以碎屑岩沉积为主;下寒武统发育麦地坪组、筇竹寺组、沧浪铺组和龙王庙组,为一套碎屑岩向上过渡为碳酸盐岩沉积。最新研究表明,四川盆地震旦纪—早寒武世发育南北向展布、贯穿盆地的德阳—安岳克拉通内裂陷1-3图1)。
图1 四川盆地晚震旦世—早寒武世克拉通内裂陷分布范围

Fig.1 Distribution range of rifts in the Late Sinian-Early Cambrian craton of Sichuan Basin

同时,四川盆地晚震旦世灯影期—早寒武世发生了3幕构造运动,分别为震旦纪灯二期末的桐湾运动一幕、灯四期末的桐湾运动二幕和早寒武世麦地坪期末的桐湾运动三幕7-8。3幕构造运动叠合克拉通裂陷演化,在裂陷两侧形成了大面积分布的台缘丘滩体储集层,匹配裂陷内厚层烃源岩,为大型油气藏形成奠定了基础。

2 晚震旦世—早寒武世地层特征

2.1 灯影组特征

灯影组岩性主要为藻白云岩、泥晶白云岩夹少量碎屑岩,厚度受德阳—安岳裂陷控制,裂陷内地层厚度较薄,裂陷两侧地层厚度大(图2)。灯一段—灯二段厚度为50~800 m,裂陷两侧厚350~800 m,裂陷内厚50~150 m[图2(a)]。灯三段—灯四段厚度为100~450 m[图2(b)],裂陷内绵阳—资阳—宜宾一带地层相对较薄,厚度为50~100 m,裂陷两侧厚度大,厚100~450 m。
图2 四川盆地灯影组不同层段地层厚度分布

(a)灯一段、灯二段;(b)灯三段、灯四段

Fig.2 Stratigraphic thickness distribution of different layers of Dengying Formation in Sichuan Basin

2.2 下寒武统特征

下寒武统主要包括麦地坪组、筇竹寺组、沧浪铺组和龙王庙组。麦地坪组和筇竹寺组主要为碎屑岩沉积,发育深水和浅水陆棚相。麦地坪组为一套薄层含磷、硅质条带的白云岩和炭质泥岩沉积,主要在裂陷内分布,厚10~200 m[图3(a)]。麦地坪组大厚度区分布在裂陷内绵阳—资阳等地区,呈北西向带状展布,最大厚度达200 m;裂陷外川西南雅安、峨眉山、资阳等地区厚0~30 m,安岳地区厚度小于20 m,川北地区厚度小于10 m。筇竹寺组主要发育绿色、灰色、黄色及黑色泥岩和炭质页岩,厚100~800 m;裂陷内300~800 m,存在南北2个沉积中心,北部厚400~800 m,南部厚200~500 m,裂陷两侧厚度在100~300 m之间[图3(b)]。沧浪铺组为海陆过渡相沉积,下段以碳酸盐岩沉积为主,上段为碎屑岩沉积,厚度为50~150 m。龙王庙组主要为浅水碳酸盐岩沉积,厚度为50~150 m,厚度由西往东呈现增厚特征。
图3 四川盆地寒武系麦地坪组(a)和筇竹寺组(b)地层厚度分布

Fig.3 Stratigraphic thickness distribution of Cambrian Mediping(a) and Qiongzhusi(b) formations in Sichuan Basin

3 德阳—安岳裂陷成因及沉积演化探讨

3.1 裂陷具有“北沉降、南侵蚀”特征

3.1.1 裂陷西北缘灯影组发育盆地—斜坡—台地沉积相序列

新元古代处于拉张构造背景5-6,具备发育裂陷的条件。罗迪尼亚古陆于860~570 Ma裂解,扬子块体在震旦纪前后独立于其他块体,活动过程中发生张裂,在扬子西北缘川西北地区形成克拉通内裂陷。野外露头揭示裂陷内川西北部灯影组序列完整,灯一段到灯四段连续沉积,如青川八角村剖面灯影组厚133 m,以泥晶白云岩、深灰色薄层灰岩及泥岩为主;广元陈家乡—东溪河剖面灯影组发育深灰色灰岩,泥岩夹薄层灰岩。川西北灯影组台缘带与斜坡—盆地相厚度差异大,广元地区(台缘)灯影组厚700~1 000 m,青川—江油地区(裂陷内)灯影组厚100~300 m(图4)。川西北灯影组靠近广海,发育大型台缘藻丘滩,储层物性好。如川西北胡家坝灯影组台缘丘滩相岩性以藻凝块云岩、藻叠层、藻砂屑云岩为主,灯四段储层厚188 m21
图4 德阳—安岳裂陷北段灯影组地层对比(A—A’)

Fig.4 Stratigraphic correlation of Dengying Formation in the north section of Deyang-Anyue Rift(A-A’)

3.1.2 裂陷中部地层缺失灯三段和灯四段,后期遭受侵蚀

裂陷内钻井揭示,高石梯—资阳以南地区灯三段和灯四段遭受到侵蚀,部分地区缺失灯三段和灯四段,灯二段与麦地坪组直接接触(图5)。如蓬探1井麦地坪组厚度为76 m,见磷灰石、三叶虫和小壳化石,缺失灯三段和灯四段。蓬探1井在5 575~5 629 m井段岩屑中见到小壳化石及胶磷矿,5 606 m见疑似古杯类化石,均表明该套地层属于寒武系麦地坪组;5 630~5 726 m井段主要为泥粉晶白云岩、藻凝块白云岩、砂砾屑白云岩,发育葡萄花边构造,其岩性特征属于灯二段22
图5 德阳—安岳裂陷中段高石梯—蓬莱—中江地区灯影组—下寒武统地层对比(B—B’)

Fig.5 Stratigraphic correlation of Dengying Formation-Lower Cambrian in Gaoshiti-Penglai-Zhongjiang areas in the middle of the Deyang-Anyue Rift(B-B’)

因此,根据岩性特征和古生物组合特征,蓬探1井震旦系灯二段直接与寒武系麦地坪组直接接触,缺失灯三段和灯四段。中江2井具有类似岩性组合特征,缺失灯三段、灯四段,麦地坪组直接与灯二段直接接触(图5)。

3.2 裂陷南北地区具有差异沉降特征

麦地坪组+筇竹寺组厚度揭示裂陷南北存在沉积差异,麦地坪组沉积中心在绵阳—成都地区,裂陷向北开口。根据筇竹寺组岩性组合和测井曲线,纵向分为3小段。筇一段为黑色泥岩、炭质页岩沉积,仅在裂陷深水区发育,沉积中心位于绵阳—成都地区;筇二段主要以黑色泥岩沉积为主,沉积中心位于绵阳—成都、宜宾—泸州地区;筇三段以灰绿色泥岩、粉砂岩、钙质粉砂岩、泥质灰岩沉积为主,沉积中心位于绵阳—成都、宜宾—泸州地区,覆盖四川盆地及其周缘(图6)。
图6 四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组各段现今地层厚度分布

(a)筇一段;(b)筇二段;(c)筇三段

Fig.6 Stratigraphic thickness distribution of each section of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in Sichuan Basin

麦地坪组和筇竹寺组分布揭示裂陷南北存在沉积中心迁移变化。麦地坪组和筇一段沉积期沉积中心位于北部绵阳—成都地区,南部宜宾—泸州沉积中心开始有雏形;筇二段和筇三段发育2个沉积中心,北部绵阳—成都沉积中心持续沉降,南部出现宜宾—泸州沉积中心。

3.3 德阳—安岳裂陷沉积充填演化特征

德阳—安岳裂陷演化控制了整个四川盆地晚震旦世—早寒武世的沉积格局,最明显的是控制裂陷两侧灯影组台缘带和裂陷内寒武系筇竹寺组烃源岩分布1223。裂陷在震旦纪末期至早寒武世分5个演化阶段(图7):①灯一期、灯二期,盆地受拉张作用影响,由西向东张裂,在川西北部地区形成台缘带;②灯二末期,受桐湾二幕影响,盆地整体抬升暴露,台缘带遭受岩溶作用,形成厚层丘滩岩溶储层;③灯四期,裂陷范围扩大,向南延伸,在川西—川中地区形成台缘带;④灯影末期,盆地受基底影响,发生差异沉降,裂陷西部整体下沉,裂陷中南部抬升遭受侵蚀,形成岩溶残丘;⑤麦地坪期和筇竹寺期,形成最大期海侵,盆地整体被海水淹没,裂陷充填厚层麦地坪组和筇竹寺组烃源岩。
图7 德阳—安岳裂陷晚震旦世灯影期沉积演化模式

(a)绵阳—老关庙—盐亭剖面;(b)资阳—高石梯剖面

Fig.7 Sedimentary evolution pattern of Dengying period in Late Sinian in Deyang-Anyue Rift

德阳—安岳裂陷的整个沉积演化揭示,麦地坪组—筇一段沉积期,德阳—裂陷北部持续沉降,表现为北低南高特征,北部沉积厚度大,沉积中心位于绵阳—成都地区,沉积充填厚层烃源岩;筇二段—筇三段沉积期,北部继续沉降,南部开始沉降,形成2个沉积中心,分别位于绵阳—成都和宜宾—泸州地区;沧浪铺组沉积期,沉积中心变小,位于绵阳—泸州一带,裂陷范围变小,末期形成统一碳酸盐岩台地。

4 晚震旦世—早寒武世岩相古地理特征

4.1 晚震旦世灯影期岩相古地理

灯影组沉积期为上扬子地区第一次大规模碳酸盐岩台地发育期,此时构造趋于稳定,陆源碎屑注入减少,为碳酸盐岩沉积24。灯一期—灯二期,是德阳—安岳裂陷雏形期。灯二早期裂陷影响范围局限在广元—绵阳地区,资阳地区为台洼;灯二中晚期,随着拉张作用加大,裂陷逐渐往南扩展,分布范围延伸到资阳—高石梯西侧,裂陷两侧发育台地边缘丘滩相沉积;蜀南地区发育台内洼地,与裂陷没有连通,沉积相对局限,发育局限潟湖亚相(图8)。灯三期为整体大面积海侵,沉积了一套以碎屑岩为主的地层。灯四期是裂陷发育期,德阳—安岳裂陷向南继续延伸,范围扩大。灯四期沉积继承灯一期—灯二期沉积格局,斜坡—盆地相主要发育在德阳—安岳裂陷内,台地边缘相主要发育在裂陷两侧及城口—石柱等地区(图8)。
图8 四川盆地灯影组岩相古地理图

(a) 灯二段;(b) 灯四段

Fig.8 Lithofacies paleogeography of Dengying Formation in Sichuan Basin

4.2 早寒武世岩相古地理

早寒武世早期,四川盆地基本继承震旦纪末期沉积格局。筇竹寺组分布受裂陷控制明显,裂陷内厚度大,裂陷两侧厚度薄,是在浅水—深水陆棚环境下沉积的富有机质海相地层。筇竹寺组沉积早期,由于区域性海侵,海平面上升,全区以浅水陆棚沉积和暴露剥蚀为主,深水陆棚沉积发育在德阳—安岳裂陷区、川东北城口—建始一带和湘鄂地区;筇竹寺组沉积晚期海平面缓慢下降,全区主要以砂泥质浅水陆棚为主。沧浪铺组分为上、下2段,下段为碳酸盐岩沉积,上段以碎屑岩沉积为主。沧浪铺组下段岩相古地理主要受德阳—安岳裂陷控制,裂陷内充填厚层碎屑岩,为台洼沉积;裂陷东侧为台洼边缘滩沉积,沿遂宁—广元一带分布,滩体厚20~70 m,主要为鲕滩沉积;往东为台地沉积,主要为潮坪相;川南地区主要为砂泥岩沉积,为混积潮坪相(图9)。沧浪铺组上段岩性为砂泥岩,整体为一套碎屑岩沉积。
图9 四川盆地寒武系沧浪铺组下段岩相古地理图

Fig.9 Lithofacies paleogeographic map of the lower member of Cambrian Canglangpu Formation in Sichuan Basin

5 油气地质意义

5.1 裂陷控制寒武系烃源岩分布

裂陷控制了寒武系麦地坪组—筇竹寺组优质烃源岩分布,裂陷内沉积厚度大,裂陷两侧厚度逐渐减薄。裂陷内麦地坪组—筇竹寺组烃源岩厚度为150~700 m,其中往北厚度逐渐增加。如位于裂陷内的高石17井麦地坪组—筇竹寺组烃源岩厚545 m、川深1井麦地坪组—筇竹寺组烃源岩厚380 m和蓬探1井麦地坪组—筇竹寺组烃源岩厚473 m,位于裂陷边缘的角探1井筇竹寺组烃源岩厚267 m、马深1井筇竹寺组烃源岩厚238 m和高石1井筇竹寺组烃源岩厚130 m。麦地坪组TOC值介于0.70%~4.00%之间,平均为1.67%;筇竹寺组TOC值介于0.50%~8.49%之间,平均为1.95%。

5.2 裂陷差异演化形成了灯影组3类台缘带储层

裂陷两侧灯二段和灯四段发育台地边缘相带,由南至北分段发育3类台缘带(图10):①南部地区为侵蚀型台缘,即并非原始沉积的台缘,而是早期台缘带后期受桐湾运动侵蚀所形成;②中部地区为加积型台缘,是原始沉积台缘继承发育,并受强烈岩溶改造;③北部地区为退积型台缘,为构造差异沉降作用控制形成多期独立台缘。而3类台缘带均是重要的储层发育区。
图10 德阳—安岳裂陷不同地区台缘带沉积模式

Fig.10 Sedimentary model map of platform margin belt in different areas of Deyang-Anyue Rift

5.3 震旦系—下寒武统勘探方向

四川盆地灯影组最有利勘探区带位于裂陷两侧,该区域台缘丘滩储层规模大25-28,埋藏深度相对小,紧邻生烃中心,成藏条件优越29-30。下一步有2个勘探区带值得重视:一个是裂陷东侧北段的蓬莱—剑阁—老关庙地区31,发育退积型台缘带,处于古构造和现今构造斜坡部位,烃源岩厚度为300~700 m,成藏条件优越,有利勘探面积为2×104 km2;另一个是裂陷西侧的资阳—威远地区,发育侵蚀性台缘带,岩溶残丘发育,存在大型低幅度构造圈闭、地层—岩性型圈闭群,有利勘探面积为1×104 km2。四川盆地寒武系沧浪铺组最有利勘探区带位于射洪—广元地区32,该地区发育高能滩相,下伏寒武系筇竹寺组烃源岩,源储配置好,有利勘探面积为1×104 km2

6 结论

(1)四川盆地德阳—安岳裂陷形成时期为晚震旦世—早寒武世,具有“北沉降、南侵蚀”演化特征,裂陷受拉张作用影响,在灯影期形成大型克拉通台内裂陷;灯影末期,裂陷北部沉降,中南部发生侵蚀,缺失灯三段和灯四段。早寒武世筇竹寺早期,裂陷北部继续沉降形成绵阳—成都沉积中心,筇竹寺晚期裂陷北部和南部同时沉降,形成绵阳—成都、宜宾—泸州2个沉积中心;早寒武世沧浪铺期裂陷逐渐填平。
(2)德阳—安岳裂陷演化控制了晚震旦世—早寒武世岩相古地理分布。裂陷拉张阶段灯影组在裂陷两侧沉积台缘丘滩体;裂陷填平补齐阶段初期,裂陷内沉积厚层麦地坪组—筇竹寺组深水陆棚相,为一套优质烃源岩;裂陷填平补齐阶段晚期,沧浪铺组在裂陷东边沉积了一套高能滩,为有利勘探相带。
(3)德阳—安岳裂陷差异演化,形成不同类型台缘带。裂陷两侧形成侵蚀型、加积型和退积型等类型台缘储层,叠合麦地坪组—筇竹寺组厚层烃源岩,形成了蓬莱—剑阁—老关庙地区和资阳—威远地区2个有利勘探区带,勘探面积为3×104 km2
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