天然气地球科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 109–118.doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2020.11.006

• 天然气开发 • 上一篇    下一篇

页岩气储层水力压裂扩展有限元模拟方法及应用

张瑛堃1(),陈尚斌1,2(),李学元1,王慧军1   

  1. 1.中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院,江苏 徐州 221008
    2.煤层气资源与成藏过程教育部重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221008
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-20 修回日期:2020-10-29 出版日期:2021-01-10 发布日期:2021-02-04
  • 通讯作者: 陈尚斌 E-mail:m15512011623@163.com;shangbinchen@163.com
  • 作者简介:张瑛堃(1997-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,主要从事页岩气地质与开发研究.E-mail: m15512011623@163.com.
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(41772141);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20181362)

Hydraulic fracturing simulation technology of shale gas reservoir and application of extended finite element method

Ying-kun ZHANG1(),Shang-bin CHEN1,2(),Xue-yuan LI1,Hui-jun WANG1   

  1. 1.School of Resources and Geosciences,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou 221008,China
    2.Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education on Coalbed Methane Resources and Accumulation Process,Xuzhou 221008,China
  • Received:2020-08-20 Revised:2020-10-29 Online:2021-01-10 Published:2021-02-04
  • Contact: Shang-bin CHEN E-mail:m15512011623@163.com;shangbinchen@163.com
  • Supported by:
    The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41772141);The natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China(BK20181362)

摘要:

页岩气储层低孔低渗,需用水力压裂等方法进行储层改造方可获得经济产能。储层改造中裂缝的形态和分布对体积改造效果至关重要。为了研究压裂裂缝的模拟方法,系统调研和对比了储层水力压裂模拟常用方法,开展了扩展有限元模拟,研究表明:①水力压裂物理模拟实验能够直观观测裂缝的形态及展布特征,但因试样尺寸等问题难以代表实际储层压裂情形;②常用的数值模拟方法有边界元法、非常规裂缝模型、离散化缝网模型和扩展有限元法等,这些方法各有优缺点,需做有针对性的改进才能更好地模拟真实页岩储层压裂情况;③应用扩展有限元法模拟水力压裂和分段顺序压裂过程中裂缝的延伸情况,得到射孔方向与最大水平主应力之间夹角和诱导应力对压裂裂缝的影响,夹角越大,裂缝偏转角度越小,偏转距离越大,初始破裂压力越高,裂缝稳定延伸的压力也越大,而诱导应力的存在会抑制压裂裂缝的延伸。对实际压裂工程中射孔方向的选择和分段压裂射孔间距的设计具有指导意义。

关键词: 页岩储层, 水力压裂, 物理实验, 数值模拟, 扩展有限元

Abstract:

Low porosity and low permeability of shale gas reservoirs require hydraulic fracturing and other methods to achieve economic productivity. The shape and distribution of fractures are very important to the volume transformation. In order to study the simulation methods of hydraulic fracture, the common methods of reservoir hydraulic fracture simulation are systematically investigated and compared, and the extended finite element simulation is carried out. The results show that: (1) The physical experiment of hydraulic fracturing can visually observe the fracture morphology and distribution characteristics, but it is difficult to represent the actual fracturing situation of the reservoir due to the sample size and other problems. (2) The commonly used numerical simulation methods include boundary element method (BEM), unconventional fracture model (UFM), discrete fracture network (DFN) and extended finite element method (XFEM). These methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, which need to be improved to better simulate the real shale reservoir fracturing. (3) The extended finite element method is used to simulate the fracture extension of hydraulic fracturing and staged sequential fracturing. The influence of the angle between the perforation direction and the direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress and the induced stress on the fracturing pressure is obtained. The larger the angle is, the smaller the fracture deflection angle is, while the larger the fracture deflection distance is. The larger the angle is, the higher the initial fracturing pressure is, and the greater the pressure of stable fracture extension is. The induced stress will hinder the fracture extension. The simulation results have guiding significance for the selection of perforation direction and the design of perforation spacing in staged fracturing in actual engineering.

Key words: Shale reservoir, Hydraulic fracturing, Physical experiment, Numerical simulation, Extended finite element

中图分类号: 

  • TE311

表2

模型参数[35]"

弹性模量E/GPa泊松比单轴抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa渗透率(K)/(10-3 μm2)
8.4020.2328.342.590.1
孔隙度(φ)/%最大水平主应力(σH)/MPa最小水平主应力(σh)/MPa试验排量/(m3/s)压裂液表观黏度/(mPa·s)
1.85612.1×10-973

图1

水力压裂裂缝延伸形态"

图2

模型射孔方向与最大水平主应力夹角示意"

图3

不同射孔方向扩展有限元模型计算结果"

图4

不同射孔方向下压力随时间的变化曲线"

图5

破裂压力随射孔方向变化关系曲线"

图6

分段压裂初始模型"

图7

分段压裂模型计算结果"

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[2] 邵荣;叶加仁;陈章玉;. 流体包裹体在断陷盆地含油气系统研究中的应用概述[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2000, 11(6): 11 -14 .
[3] 何家雄;李明兴;陈伟煌;. 莺歌海盆地热流体上侵活动与天然气运聚富集关系探讨[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2000, 11(6): 29 -43 .
[4] 廖成君. VSP技术在锦612复杂断块油藏开发部署研究中的应用[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2005, 16(1): 117 -122 .
[5] 杜乐天;. 地球的5个气圈与中地壳天然气开发[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2006, 17(1): 25 -30 .
[6] 周世新;邹红亮;解启来;贾星亮;. 沉积盆地油气形成过程中有机-无机相互作用[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2006, 17(1): 42 -47 .
[7] 曹华;龚晶晶;汪贵锋;. 超压的成因及其与油气成藏的关系[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2006, 17(3): 422 -425 .
[8] 杜乐天. 国外天然气地球科学研究成果介绍与分析-----以索科洛夫的著作为主线[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2007, 18(1): 1 -18 .
[9] 孔庆芬,王可仁. 鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系烃源岩热模拟试验研究[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2006, 17(2): 187 -191 .
[10] 刘全有;刘文汇;Krooss B M;王万春;戴金星;. 天然气中氮的地球化学研究进展[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2006, 17(1): 119 -124 .