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天然气地球科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (5): 721–734.doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2020.04.019

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氮循环及氮同位素在古老烃源岩形成环境重建与油源对比中的应用

李婷婷1(),朱光有1,赵坤1,2,王鹏举1,2   

  1. 1.中国石油勘探开发研究院，北京 100083
    2.中国地质大学（北京），北京 100083
  • 收稿日期:2020-04-08 修回日期:2020-04-22 出版日期:2020-05-10 发布日期:2020-05-28
  • 作者简介:李婷婷(1989-)，女，黑龙江肇东人，工程师，主要从事石油地质研究. E-mail: lttjy@petrochina.com.cn.
  • 基金资助:
    中国石油天然气股份有限公司科学研究与技术开发项目“古老碳酸盐岩油气成藏分布规模与关键技术”(2019B-04);“深层烃源岩形成与分布”(2018A-0102)

Nitrogen cycle and nitrogen isotope application in paleoenvironment reconstruction of ancient hydrocarbon source rocks and oil-source correlations

Ting-ting LI1(),Guang-you ZHU1,Kun ZHAO1,2,Peng-ju WANG1,2   

  1. 1.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
    2.China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • Received:2020-04-08 Revised:2020-04-22 Online:2020-05-10 Published:2020-05-28
  • Supported by:
    The Major Science and Technology Project of CNPC(2019B-04)

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摘要：

烃源岩是油气勘探的物质基础，其质量和规模决定了油气资源潜力。沉积环境是原始生产力、营养物质供应、水体氧化还原条件及古气候等信息的综合反映，对优质烃源岩形成与分布起着重要的控制作用。然而，随着油气勘探不断向深层和超深层领域拓展，烃源岩经历的埋深和热演化程度随之增加，导致生物标志物及干酪根显微组分等反映成烃母质信息及沉积环境的常规地球化学指标失去指示意义。氮稳定同位素记录了氮循环的原始信息，是重建古海洋环境，探讨地史时期环境与生物演化关系，以及指示气候变化的可靠指标，在重建古老烃源岩形成环境、油源对比等方面也具有很好应用前景。在充分调研基础上，系统总结了海洋中的氮循环过程及氮同位素分馏效应，分析了沉积岩中氮同位素组成分布特征及其控制因素。

关键词: 烃源岩, 氮同位素, 古气候, 生物演化, 氧化还原环境, 油源对比

Abstract:

Hydrocarbon source rocks are the material basis for oil and gas exploration, and their quality and quantity determine the oil and gas resource potential. Sedimentary environment reflects comprehensive information about primary productivity, nutrient supply, aqueous redox conditions, and paleoclimate, thus exerts a dominant control on the formation and distribution of high-quality source rocks. However, the burial depth and thermal maturation of these source rocks significantly increase as hydrocarbon exploration continuously expands into deep and ultra-deep strata, making many conventional geochemical proxies such as biomarkers and kerogen maceral analysis lose indicative significance for sedimentary environment. Stable nitrogen isotopes which record the original signals of marine nitrogen cycles are reliable indicators that can be used to reconstruct the paleomarine environment, explore links between environment and biological evolutions through the geological history, and indicate climate changes. In addition, this method also shows great application potential in oil and gas fields such as sedimentary environment reconstruction of ancient hydrocarbon source rocks and oil-source correlations. On basis of full investigation, this study systematically summarizes marine nitrogen cycle processes, nitrogen isotope fractionation mechanism, analyzes nitrogen isotope distribution and its controlling factors.

Key words: Hydrocarbon source rocks, Nitrogen isotope, Paleoclimate, Biological evolution, Redox environment, Oil-source correlation

中图分类号: 

  • TE122.1+13

图1

大气—海洋氮生物地球化学循环简图(据文献[33,44]修改)"

表1

氮循环过程中发生的分馏情况(分馏因子ε≈δ15Nreact－δ15Nproduct) (据文献[22,45]，修改)"

氮循环过程同位素分馏范围/‰保存情况
固氮作用Mo固氮酶 -2~+1保存在氮受限的生态系统中的沉积物内
Fe-V固氮酶 +6~+8
铵同化作用+14~+27无记录
硝化作用 (NH4+→NO2-)+14~+38在化跃层进行完全，无保存
硝化作用 (NO2-→NO3-)-12.8在化跃层进行完全，无保存
硝酸盐同化作用+5~+10在透光带进行完全，无保存
异化硝酸盐还原作用+30?—
反硝化作用+10~+30通常在次氧带发生不完全反硝化，保存在同化NO3-的生物体中
厌氧氨氧化作用+16或+23~+29很难与反硝化区分开

表2

沉积物中氮同位素记录及可能的氮循环作用过程"

δ15N分布水体中可能占主导的N循环沉积物δ15N值/‰地区
<-2‰

真光带缺氧区绿硫或紫硫

细菌同化作用

0~-8现代黑海[60]、东地中海[61]
-4.7华南三岔剖面寒武系牛蹄塘组[76]
不完全铵同化作用<-2印度古元古代晚期Aravalli Supergroup[59]
~-7.5华南地区寒武系(2~3阶)[44]
-2‰~+1‰蓝细菌固氮作用0~+2华南三岔剖面寒武系牛蹄塘组[76]
-2~+3.1，均值0±1华南Chunye1井寒武系荷塘组[72]
~-2Cariaco盆地[77]
-2~+1黑海[64]
-1~+1华南南盘江盆地太平剖面上二叠统—下三叠统[78]
>+2‰不完全硝化作用+2~+18白令海[66,67]
不完全反硝化作用-2.6~+4.8，均值2.2±1.3华南Chunye1井寒武系皮园村—荷塘组[72]
+4~+9华南毛石—中南剖面震旦系灯影组[73]
+4~+8华南三峡地区震旦系陡山沱组[71]
+7.4Santa Barbara盆地[69]
>+11阿拉伯海[70]
硝酸盐同化、固氮及反硝化作用相平衡+1~+16，均值~+5现代海洋沉积物[75]

图2

不同氧化还原水体结构的海洋氮循环及氮同位素组成的分布 (据文献[11,20]修改)"

图3

不同地质历史时期δ15N值分布及生物演化 (据文献[15,16,44,111]修改)"

图4

新元古代—显生宙不同时期海洋沉积单元δ15N值与气候及冰期事件 (据文献[124]修改)"

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