天然气地球科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 417–427.doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2019.10.009

• 非常规天然气 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国陆相盆地页岩油研究及勘探开发进展

王倩茹1,2(),陶士振2(),关平1   

  1. 1.北京大学地球与空间科学学院,北京 100871
    2.中国石油勘探开发研究院石油地质研究所,北京 100083
  • 收稿日期:2019-08-06 修回日期:2019-10-03 出版日期:2020-03-10 发布日期:2020-03-26
  • 通讯作者: 陶士振 E-mail:qianru@pku.edu.cn;tsz@petrochina.com.cn
  • 作者简介:王倩茹(1996-),女,辽宁丹东人,硕士,主要从事非常规储层研究. E-mail:qianru@pku.edu.cn.
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技重大专项“致密油富集规律与勘探开发关键技术”(2016ZX05046)

Progress in research and exploration & development of shale oil in continental basins in China

Qian-ru WANG1,2(),Shi-zhen TAO2(),Ping GUAN1   

  1. 1.School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    2.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
  • Received:2019-08-06 Revised:2019-10-03 Online:2020-03-10 Published:2020-03-26
  • Contact: Shi-zhen TAO E-mail:qianru@pku.edu.cn;tsz@petrochina.com.cn
  • Supported by:
    The China National Science & Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046)

摘要:

北美页岩油气的成功勘探带给全世界新的油气勘探思路。中国陆相盆地的页岩油资源非常丰富,但中国陆相盆地特殊复杂的地质与工程条件也给中国的勘探家们带来了诸多难题。近年来页岩油的概念内涵饱受争议,中国陆相页岩油的形成条件、赋存形式、成藏机理、资源潜力与有利发育区等内容成为研究热点,中国陆相湖盆发育淡水、咸水环境2类优质烃源岩,经研究表明,淡水、咸水环境均可发育高TOC页岩。微米—纳米级孔隙是页岩油重要的储集空间,主要包括晶间孔、有机质孔、层理缝、微裂缝等,纹层状岩相是页岩油勘探的有利岩相已成为共识,页岩油丰富的资源量引起了国内各大石油企业的关注,页岩油相关的勘探开发工作也先后开展,并取得了很大进展。目前,中国页岩油勘探开发仍存在众多问题,页岩油概念混乱、地质条件复杂、工程手段有限等一系列问题亟待解决。总体来看,页岩油革命即将到来。

关键词: 非常规资源, 页岩油, 概念, 勘探开发进展

Abstract:

Successful exploration of shale oil and gas in North America has brought new exploration ideas for oil and gas to the world. Shale oil resources in China's continental basins are abundant, however, the special complex geological and engineering conditions of China's continental basins have also brought many problems to the Chinese explorers. The concept of shale oil has been controversial in recent years. The formation conditions, occurrence forms, accumulation mechanism, resource potential and favorable development areas of China's continental shale oil have become the research hotspots in recent years. Two types of high-quality source rocks in freshwater and salt water environment have developed in China's continental lake basins. Studies have shown that high TOC shale can be developed in both freshwater and salt water environments. Micro-nano pores are important reservoirs for shale oil, mainly including intercrystalline pores, organic pores, layered joints, micro-cracks, etc. Lamellar lithofacies being a favorable lithofacies for shale oil exploration has become a consensus. The rich resources of shale oil have attracted the attention of major domestic oil companies. The related exploration and development of shale oil has also been carried out successively, which has made great progress. At present, there are still many problems in the exploration and development of shale oil in China. A series of problems such as chaotic shale oil concept, complicated geological conditions and limited engineering means need to be solved urgently. Overall, the shale oil revolution is coming.

Key words: Unconventional resource, Shale oil, Concept, Progress in exploration and development

中图分类号: 

  • TE132.2

图1

中国典型页岩油盆地富有机质页岩时代分布"

表1

不同学者对页岩油定义的描述"

学者定义类别
邹才能等[12]页岩油是以页岩为主的页岩层系中所含的原地滞留油气资源,圈闭界限不明显,无法形成自然工业产能。包括泥页岩孔隙和裂缝中的石油资源,也包括泥页岩层系中的致密碎屑岩或碳酸盐岩夹层中的石油资源狭义页岩油
张君峰等[13]页岩油专指来自作为源岩的泥页岩层系中的石油资源,其特点是源储同层,即有效生烃泥页岩层系中具有勘探开发意义并以液态为主的烃类,主要以游离、吸附及溶解态等方式赋存于泥页岩基质孔隙、裂缝以及砂岩、碳酸盐岩等夹层中
武晓玲等[14]页岩油是指泥页岩层系中主要以吸附态和游离态赋存在泥页岩及碳酸盐岩、砂岩等夹层的孔隙、裂缝中,通过水平井压裂技术等非常规技术手段才能实现规模经济开采的烃类资源
张金川等[15]页岩油与页岩气相似,页岩油是以游离态、吸附态及溶解态等多种方式赋存于有效生烃泥页岩层系中具有勘探开发意义的非气态烃类
周庆凡等方正汇总行[16]页岩油泛指蕴藏在具有低孔隙度和渗透率的致密含油层中的石油资源,其开发需要使用与页岩气类似的水平井和水平压裂技术,其概念内涵与致密油相同,美国与我国在估算页岩油资源量时均包括泥页岩层系中致密砂岩及致密碳酸盐岩中的石油广义页岩油

图2

页岩层系石油聚集模式(据文献[17,18,19,20]修改)"

表2

中美页岩油地质特征对比(据文献[22,23]修改)"

对比因素美国中国
盆地类型稳定前陆盆地、克拉通盆地断陷盆地、坳陷盆地,晚期构造活动强烈
沉积环境海相(连续)陆相(非均质性强)
TOC/%2~200.4~16
RO/%0.6~1.7(中高成熟度)0.4~1.4(中低成熟度)
孔隙度/%5~133~12
渗透率/(10-3μm2)<0.2<0.1
脆性矿物含量/%60~9045~70
压力系数1.35~1.780.70~1.80
原油黏度/(mPa·s)<1(黏度低)6~20(高蜡油)
原油密度/(g/cm30.75~0.850.75~0.92
工程技术较为成熟仍在发展

表3

中国陆相各盆地烃源岩发育环境"

盆地准噶尔盆地塔里木盆地柴达木盆地四川盆地鄂尔多斯盆地渤海湾盆地松辽盆地
层系二叠系三叠系—侏罗系古近系侏罗系三叠系古近系白垩系
烃源岩发育环境咸水—半咸水淡水环境咸水环境淡水—微咸水淡水—微咸水咸水—半咸水淡水—微咸水

表4

中国陆相主要页岩油盆地地质参数(据文献[12]修改)"

盆地主要发育层位烃源岩特征储集特征脆性特征
埋深/m有机质丰度(TOC)/%有机质成熟度(RO)/%有机质类型沉积相储集空间类型孔隙度/%渗透率/(10-3 μm2)脆性指数/%

松辽盆地

北部

白垩系泉头组、青山口组1 500~2 5000.7~8.70.7~1.4Ⅰ—Ⅱ1半深湖—深湖微裂缝、溶蚀孔、晶间孔、有机质孔2~12<130~60

松辽盆地

南部

白垩系泉头组、青山口组1 750~2 6500.5~4.50.5~1.2Ⅰ—Ⅱ1半深湖—深湖微裂缝、晶间孔、有机质孔、溶蚀孔5~12<130~50

渤海湾盆地

辽河坳陷

古近系沙河街组三段1 800~4 5002~12.80.4~0.9Ⅰ—Ⅱ1浅湖—半深湖溶蚀孔、晶间孔、层理缝、黏土间微孔2~8<140~60
渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷古近系孔店组二段2 600~4 2001.9~5.40.7~1.0Ⅰ—Ⅱ半深湖晶间孔、粒内孔、溶蚀孔、层理缝、压实缝、构造缝3.1~5.8<180~85
渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷古近系沙河街组三段下亚段、四段上亚段1 500~5 0002~10.50.5~1.4Ⅰ—Ⅱ1滩坝、半深湖晶间孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔、微裂缝3~16<140~80
渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷古近系沙河街组三段2 200~4 3000.5~40.9~1.2Ⅰ—Ⅱ1半深湖—深湖晶间孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔、微裂缝0.5~5.6<145~80
苏北盆地古近系阜宁组1 200~3 5000.5~4.40.5~1.3Ⅰ—Ⅱ1半深湖—深湖片理孔、溶蚀孔、晶间孔、粒间孔、有机质孔、微裂缝2~7<138~52
江汉盆地古近系潜江组、新沟嘴组1 000~3 5001~3.50.6~1.3Ⅰ—Ⅱ1半深湖—深湖晶间孔、溶蚀孔、粒间孔、层理缝、微裂缝4~12<130~90
四川盆地侏罗系沙溪庙组,自流井组大安寨段、凉高山组1 500~4 5000.5~4.80.9~1.51—Ⅱ2

浅湖—半深湖、

滩坝、河道砂、

席状砂

有机质孔、溶蚀孔、黏土矿物晶间孔、微裂缝0.2~7<132~75

鄂尔多斯

盆地

三叠系延长组7段1 000~3 5003~220.7~1.2Ⅰ—Ⅱ1

半深湖—深湖、

河道砂、重力流

砂体

粒间孔、溶蚀孔、伊利石晶间孔、微裂缝2~12<175~90
准噶尔盆地二叠系芦草沟组1 500~4 5003~90.5~1.5Ⅰ—Ⅱ1

浅湖—半深湖、

滩坝、远砂坝、

席状砂

粒间孔、溶蚀孔、粒内孔、晶间孔、微裂缝5~16<170~95
三塘湖盆地二叠系芦草沟组、条湖组1 000~4 5002~80.6~1.2Ⅰ—Ⅱ1

半深湖—深湖、

火山岩相

粒间孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔、微裂缝3~13<155~90
柴达木盆地古近系下干柴沟组、新近系上干柴沟组2 700~4 8000.4~1.20.6~1.8Ⅰ—Ⅱ滩坝、灰云坪晶间孔、溶蚀孔、有机质孔、微裂缝3~12<150~60

图3

典型页岩油盆地页岩有机质丰度"

图4

典型页岩油盆地页岩有机质成熟度"

图5

典型页岩油盆地页岩埋藏深度分布"

图6

陆相湖盆页岩油发育模式(据文献[15,20,29]修改)"

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