Stress sensitivity of deep tight gas-reservoir sandstone in Tarim Basin

  • Yi-li KANG , 1 ,
  • Chao-jin LI 1 ,
  • Li-jun YOU 1 ,
  • Jia-xue LI 2 ,
  • Zhen ZHANG 2 ,
  • Tao WANG 2
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  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 2. PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla 841000, China

Received date: 2019-11-19

  Revised date: 2020-01-07

  Online published: 2020-04-26

Supported by

The National Natural Science Foundation of China(51604236)

The Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(2018JY0436)

The State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Southwest Petroleum University)(PLN201913)

Highlights

Deep and ultra-deep tight sandstone gas reservoir is the key exploration and development object of unconventional oil and gas resources in Tarim Basin. In the process of drilling, completion and production, it often shows complex engineering behavior which is sensitive to the change of wellbore fluid column pressure or bottom hole flow pressure. In order to reveal the stress sensitive characteristics and main controlling factors of deep tight sandstone, taking the three gas reseruiroivs in Tarim Basin as examples, the stress sensitivity experiment of fracture and block samples are carried out under simulated increasing confining pressure. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the casting thin sections, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high pressure mercury injection, the effects of pore structure, mineral composition and fracture development on stress sensitivity of deep tight sandstone were analyzed. The research results show that the stress sensitivity coefficient of the block rock samples of deep tight sandstone reservoir in Tarim Basin ranges from 0.280 6 to 0.771 4, and the stress sensitivity degree is from moderately strong to strong, which is KS(0.771 4)>DB(0.654 0)>YM(0.579 6). The stress sensitivity coefficient of the fractured samples of deep tight sandstone reservoir in Tarim Basin ranges from 0.532 3 to 0.806 9, and the stress sensitivity degree is from moderately strong to strong, which is YM(0.726 2)>KS(0.693 5)>DB(0.626 5). The stress sensitivity of deep tight sandstone is controlled by a combination of factors including depth, pore structure, mineral composition and fracture development. The stress sensitivity of the block rock sample is positively correlated with the depth of the reservoir, the content of unstable mineral components and clay minerals, and negatively correlated with the quartz content, porosity, permeability and pore throat radius of the reservoir. The stress sensitivity of fracture samples is mainly controlled by the fracture width, which decreases with the increase of fracture width.

Cite this article

Yi-li KANG , Chao-jin LI , Li-jun YOU , Jia-xue LI , Zhen ZHANG , Tao WANG . Stress sensitivity of deep tight gas-reservoir sandstone in Tarim Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2020 , 31(4) : 532 -541 . DOI: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2020.01.002

0 引言

随勘探开发技术、理论、装备的不断进步和发展,油气勘探开发领域逐渐由中深—深层走向深—超深层。陆上深层—超深层非常规天然气资源量为59.2×1012 m3,其中塔里木盆地非常规天然气资源量为11.6×1012 m3,是深层油气勘探的重要区域之一[1,2,3,4]。目前对深层的定义没有统一的标准,中国钻井工程以埋深4 500~6 000 m为深层,超过6 000 m为超深层[1]。深层—超深层油气藏有巨大的开采潜力,但深层油气的勘探开发仍面临成岩历史长、成藏历史复杂等一系列挑战。塔里木盆地深层致密砂岩气藏历经多期地质构造运动,在强烈的成岩作用和高水平应力作用下天然裂缝发育,具有较强的应力敏感性[4,5,6]。在油气田开发过程中,流体在岩石孔隙和裂缝通道流动,随着流体的不断采出,岩石孔隙压力逐渐减小,在外应力作用下岩石发生弹塑性形变,导致孔隙结构发生改变[7],孔隙结构的改变是造成致密砂岩应力敏感性的根本原因。
应力敏感性评价实验方法主要分为2种:变围压实验和变孔压实验,变围压实验是目前最普遍使用的方法,而变孔压实验由于不稳定则较少被采用[8]。JIA等[9]采用稳态脉冲和瞬态脉冲进行渗透率和孔隙度的测定,并开展应力敏感实验,得出渗透率是由孔隙度和孔隙结构影响的。刘仁静等[10]、BAGHERI等[11]分别从孔喉结构、裂缝发育及其特征,分析了影响岩石应力敏感性的因素。岩石矿物组成在一定程度上影响岩石的结构和变形[10,11]。不少学者[12,13,14,15,16]通过岩石薄片、扫描电镜等手段,测定岩石矿物成分及矿物含量,分析岩石微观孔隙结构对应力敏感性的影响。肖文联等[17]研究渗透率与有效应力的关系,结合岩石的微观结构特征,用经验模型(二项式模型、指数模型、乘幂模型和对数模型)分析致密储层岩石应力敏感性。
应力敏感性作为一种典型的储层损害,由其引起的裂缝宽度和渗透率变化对钻井堵漏、储层保护及生产制度优化均有重要的影响。随有效应力的增大,岩石的孔隙度和渗透率在一定程度上有所下降,在裂缝岩石中尤为明显。有数据表明[18,19,20],在裂缝性储层岩石受到有效应力时,渗透率发生不可逆转性损害。在深层致密气藏大规模投入开发之前,正确认识储层应力敏感性对保护并高效开发深层致密砂岩气藏至关重要。因此,为明确深—超深储层应力敏感性的影响机理,开展塔里木盆地深层不同典型气藏的应力敏感实验。基于实验结果,综合分析应力敏感的主控因素和机理,为钻完井防漏堵漏措施的制定和预测气井产能、优化生产制度提供依据。

1 实验样品及方法

1.1 实验样品

实验样品选自塔里木盆地北部库车坳陷DB气藏、YM气藏、KS气藏。致密砂岩取样层位及物性参数统计如表1。DB气藏岩样取自侏罗系阿合组,取样井深5 029.60~5 093.61 m;YM气藏岩样取自志留系柯坪塔格组,取样井深5 650.97~5 814.00 m;KS气藏岩样取自白垩系巴什基奇克组,取样井深6 770.18~7 852.88 m。
表1 致密砂岩实验岩样取样层位与物性对比

Table 1 Comparison of sampling horizon and physical properties of tight sandstone experimental rock samples

典型气藏 层位 埋深/m 裂缝密度/(条/m) 孔隙度/% 渗透率/(10-3 μm2
DB J1 a 5 029.60~5 093.61 0.10~0.43 1.63~10.30 0.003~29.400
YM S1 k 5 650.97~5 814.00 1.87~3.43 2.00~10.00 0.001~1.000
KS K1 bs 6 770.18~7 852.88 0.60~0.67 1.00~5.00 0.005~0.035

1.2 实验方法

为研究不同典型气藏致密砂岩岩样的应力敏感性,并揭示应力敏感的影响因素和机理,开展致密砂岩应力敏感实验。具体流程如下:①钻取直径为2.5 cm,长度为4.0~6.0 cm的岩心柱塞,磨平端部;制备基块与裂缝岩样;②测量待测岩样的长度L、直径D 0和质量M 0,采用SCMS-C I型全自动岩心孔渗测量系统测量完整岩样孔隙度φ m、渗透率K 0;③按照3.0 MPa、5.0 MPa、10.0 MPa、15.0 MPa、20.0 MPa、30.0 MPa、40.0 MPa、50.0 MPa、60.0 MPa、65.0 MPa的顺序逐步增加围压,每一个围压点下加载充足的时间,测量气测渗透率K i。应力加载过程结束后,按照应力加载过程的逆顺序逐步降低围压,测量气测渗透率;④绘制无因次渗透率与有效应力的变化关系曲线,采用应力敏感系数法评价岩样应力敏感程度[21];⑤应力敏感系数S s见式(1),评价指标见表2
S s = 1 - K i K 0 1 3 L g σ i σ 0
式中:S s为应力敏感系数;σ 0为初始应力值,MPa,对应的渗透率为K 0,10-3 μm2σ i为各测试点的有效应力,MPa,对应渗透率为K i,10-3 μm2
表2 应力敏感系数评价指标

Table 2 Evaluation index of stress sensitivity coefficient

S s S s <0.05 0.05≤S s≤0.30 0.30<S s≤0.50 0.50<S s≤0.70 0.70<S s≤1.00 S s>1.00
应力敏感程度 中等偏弱 中等偏强 极强

2 实验结果

评价了DB、YM、KS共3个典型气藏致密砂岩基块和裂缝岩样的应力敏感性,评价结果见表3
表3 塔里木盆地致密砂岩岩样应力敏感性评价实验结果

Table 3 Experimental results of stress sensitivity evaluation of tight sandstone samples in Tarim Basin

气藏

岩样

编号

孔隙度/%

渗透率/

(10-3 μm2

不同有效应力下的渗透率/(10-3 μm2 应力敏感系数S s

应力敏感

程度

备注
3 MPa 10 MPa 30 MPa 50 MPa
DB DB1 7.89 0.093 0.093 0.052 8 0.007 80 0.004 2 0.673 7 中等偏强 基块
DB2 6.38 0.088 0.088 0.053 0 0.032 10 0.016 7 0.644 3 中等偏强
DB3 / 16.354 16.354 10.399 3.729 25 1.271 9 0.626 5 中等偏强 裂缝
DB4 / 1.059 1.059 0.821 0.329 60 0.102 1 0.680 6 中等偏强
DB5 8.21 51.220 51.220 16.430 1.457 00 0.869 2 0.612 8 中等偏强
YM YM1 2.35 0.005 21 0.005 21 0.000 73 0.000 16 0.000 07 0.674 7 中等偏强 基块
YM2 4.30 0.144 00 0.144 00 0.095 3 0.053 8 0.039 00 0.280 6
YM3 2.67 0.009 08 0.009 08 0.001 23 0.000 3 0.000 17 0.656 7 中等偏强
YM4 4.02 0.093 30 0.093 30 0.019 00 0.006 85 0.003 75 0.579 6 中等偏强
YM5 3.29 0.140 00 0.140 00 0.217 00 0.002 87 0.001 25 0.695 5 中等偏强
YM6 3.15 0.007 34 0.007 34 0.001 68 0.000 52 0.000 29 0.577 3 中等偏强
YM7 2.62 0.004 95 0.004 95 0.001 22 0.000 47 0.000 27 0.541 7 中等偏强
YM8 7.51 5.365 5.365 0.224 8 0.007 54 0.001 41 0.806 9 裂缝
YM9 7.31 10.430 10.430 2.860 0 0.240 00 0.080 00 0.647 4 中等偏强
KS KS1 3.18 0.025 0.025 0.005 82 / / 0.865 6 基块
KS2 4.79 0.005 0.005 0.002 15 0.000 58 / 0.509 2 中等偏强
KS3 2.93 0.043 0.043 0.010 86 0.003 02 / 0.681 8 中等偏强
KS4 4.08 0.004 0.004 0.003 00 0.000 60 / 0.771 4
KS5 3.77 0.025 0.025 0.001 99 / / 0.890 9
KS6 / 53.68 53.68 31.82 7.89 4.01 0.698 5 中等偏强 裂缝[22]
KS7 / 28.88 28.88 6.52 1.25 0.40 0.643 7 中等偏强
KS8 / 117.99 117.99 25.44 5.08 1.06 0.532 3 中等偏强
KS9 / 79.00 79.00 26.20 7.36 3.58 0.693 5 中等偏强
KS10 / 41.94 41.94 13.11 1.97 0.64 0.722 2
KS11 / 22.19 22.19 3.88 0.43 0.11 0.629 7 中等偏强

2.1 致密砂岩基块岩样渗透率应力敏感性

DB气藏致密砂岩基块应力敏感系数为0.644 3、0.673 7,应力敏感程度为中等偏强;YM气藏致密砂岩基块应力敏感系数为0.280 6~0.695 5,应力敏感程度为弱—中等偏强;KS气藏致密砂岩基块应力敏感系数为0.509 2~0.890 9,应力敏感程度为中偏强—强。图1表明,基块岩样渗透率都随受到的有效应力增大而减小,在10~20 MPa之间有明显的拐点,在应力加载0~20 MPa的过程中,基块岩样渗透率出现明显下降,其渗透率下降幅度为51.25%~97.43%,在20 MPa后渗透率变化趋于平缓。
图1 致密砂岩典型基块岩样渗透率应力敏感性

(a) 基块岩样渗透率随有效应力变化曲线 (b) 基块岩样无因次渗透率随有效应力变化曲线

Fig.1 Permeability stress sensitivity of typical block rock samples in tight sandstone

2.2 致密砂岩裂缝岩样渗透率应力敏感性

DB气藏致密砂岩裂缝岩样应力敏感系数为0.612 8~0.680 6,应力敏感程度为中等偏强;YM气藏致密砂岩裂缝岩样应力敏感系数为0.647 4、0.806 9,应力敏感程度为中等偏强—强;KS气藏致密砂岩裂缝岩样应力敏感系数为0.532 3~0.722 2,应力敏感程度为中等偏强—强。图2表明,裂缝岩样渗透率随有效应力增大出现明显下降,在有效应力为15 MPa时,渗透率下降幅度为37.80%~98.23%。
图2 致密砂岩典型裂缝岩样渗透率应力敏感性

(a) 裂缝岩样渗透率随有效应力变化曲线 (b) 裂缝岩样无因次渗透率随有效应力变化曲线

Fig.2 Permeability stress sensitivity of typical fractured rock samples in tight sandstone

3 讨论

3.1 矿物组分对致密砂岩应力敏感程度的影响

应力敏感性的本质是岩石在受到外力作用时岩石骨架和孔隙喉道发生变形。根据岩石力学理论[23,24],岩石的矿物组成在一定程度上影响着岩石受有效应力时的变形情况,岩石骨架颗粒承受大部分有效应力,其矿物组成影响孔隙结构受有效应力时发生的形变和形变程度。因此,岩石的矿物组成及其力学性质极大地影响着岩石的应力敏感性[14,15,16]。在DB、YM、KS共3个典型气藏中(表4),YM地区在早二叠世之前为海相沉积,之后进入陆相沉积环境,而DB、KS地区为典型的陆相湖盆沉积。YM气藏志留系储层岩性为海相石英砂岩,DB气藏、KS气藏中生界储层为典型的陆相岩屑长石砂岩[12,25]。石英颗粒较质软易变形的黏土矿物力学性质稳定,YM气藏石英含量为79.25%,DB气藏石英含量为68.00%,KS气藏石英含量为42.50%,KS气藏的岩屑与黏土矿物含量均高于DB气藏、YM气藏。随石英的含量增大,岩石受外力变形程度较小,对比3个气藏基块岩样应力敏感系数,石英含量越高、黏土矿物含量越低,基块岩样应力敏感程度越低,即YM<DB<KS。高石英含量会在一定程度上提高岩石整体的强度,能弱化应力敏感程度[15,16,17,26,27]
表4 致密砂岩岩石组分含量

Table 4 Contents of tight sandstone rock components

气藏 石英/% 钾长石/% 斜长石/% 岩屑/% 黏土矿物/% 基质/% 胶结物/% 应力敏感系数
DB 55 ~ 82 68.00 2.28 ~ 21.63 8.23 0 ~ 8.60 3.74 20.01 4.06 ~ 13.65 10.60 / / 0.654 0
YM 67 ~ 88 79.25 0 ~ 2.00 1.12 0 ~ 1.00 0.12 7.00 ~ 25.00 17.86 <5 1.0 ~ 14.0 4.9 < 1.0 ~ 13.0 1.80 0.579 6
KS 35 ~ 48 42.50 12.00 ~ 23.00 18.10 5.00 ~ 17.00 11.80 14.00 ~ 47.00 27.30 5.78 ~ 19.64 11.95 1.0 ~ 9.0 3.5 1.0 ~ 27.0 13.0 0.771 4

注: 55 ~ 82 68.00=

3.2 初始孔渗对致密砂岩应力敏感程度的影响

根据图3(a),致密砂岩基块的孔隙度与渗透率具有一定的正相关性,初始渗透率、孔隙度越低的致密砂岩岩样有更强的应力敏感性[28]。致密砂岩基块岩样孔隙度范围为2.30%~8.81%,应力敏感系数随初始孔隙度的增大而逐渐减小[图3(b)];致密砂岩基块岩样渗透率范围多数分布在(0.06~0.28)×10-3 μm2之间,应力敏感系数随初始渗透率的增大而逐渐减小[图3(c)];致密砂岩裂缝岩样渗透率范围为(1.06~225)×10-3 μm2,应力敏感系数随初始渗透率增大而减小[图3(d)]。
图3 应力敏感系数与初始孔渗的关系

Fig.3 Relationship between stress sensitivity coefficient and initial pore permeability

3.3 微观孔隙结构及参数对致密砂岩应力敏感程度的影响

孔隙作为主要的储集空间,微裂缝、喉道是岩石流体主要的渗流通道[29]。孔隙结构发生变化将导致岩石中的孔喉变小,使流体流动通道缩小,损害岩石渗透率,发生应力敏感[15]。通过Kozeny毛管模型对应力敏感的机理研究表明,当岩石中存在容易被压缩的孔隙和喉道时,随着有效应力的增大,更易发生较强的应力敏感[14]。致密砂岩的孔隙结构特征复杂,在DB、YM、KS共3个气藏中,其喉道呈片状甚至弯片状,较细的片状喉道会引发较强的储层损害[30]。通过对3个气藏基块岩样进行SEM、铸体薄片分析(图4),可以观察到DB气藏致密砂岩胶结致密,孔隙发育程度低,连通性差,但是微裂缝发育,孔隙只能通过这些微裂缝来连通。YM气藏致密砂岩发育有孔隙,但连通性较差。KS气藏致密砂岩储集空间以溶蚀微孔隙为主含有少量构造缝,孔隙主要包括粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔。通过测量3个气藏岩样的压汞数据,获得岩石的孔隙结构基本参数(表5),较大的孔喉对渗透率起着控制性作用,而KS气藏致密砂岩基块的孔喉半径远小于YM气藏和DB气藏的孔喉半径。因此,KS气藏致密砂岩在受到有效应力时,岩石喉道受到挤压,更加容易发生阻塞或闭合,产生较强的应力敏感。
图4 DB、YM、KS地区SEM图像及铸体薄片[31]

(a)—(c)分别为DB、YM、KS的SEM图像;(d)—(f)为DB致密砂岩铸体薄片图像;(g)—(i)为YM致密砂岩铸体薄片图像;(j)—(l)为KS致密砂岩铸体薄片图像

Fig.4 Casting thin sections images and SEM images of DB, YM and KS areas[31]

表5 孔隙结构基本参数

Table 5 Basic parameters of pore structure

气藏 孔隙度/% 渗透率/(10-3 μm2 中值孔喉半径/μm 最大孔喉半径/μm 平均孔喉半径/μm
DB 2.20~9.00 0.040~29.400 0.100~0.530 0.25~11.85 0.100~1.790
YM 2.00~10.00 0.001~1.000 0.030~3.370 0.11~10.76 0.040~2.070
KS 1.70~6.10 0.027~0.117 0.008~0.062 0.08~0.66 0.014~0.085

3.4 裂缝发育程度对致密砂岩应力敏感程度的影响

塔里木盆地沉积层最大残余厚度超过15 000 m,累积最大沉积厚度超过25 000 m,是我国最大的沉积盆地,多期地质构造运动致使地层缺失形成不整合面[12,25,31,32]。在经历地质构造作用后,地层的不整合和上部地层剥蚀使得DB、YM、KS地区的实际埋深远低于其最大埋深,但仍属于深—超深层的范畴。对比中深层致密砂岩气藏与深层—超深层致密砂岩气藏的应力敏感性,随埋深的增大,储层应力敏感程度增强(图5)。强烈的地质构造运动及高水平应力作用下导致岩石破碎糜棱化和微裂缝的发育强化了塔里木盆地致密砂岩基块应力敏感程度[31,32,33,34,35,36,37]。KS气藏裂缝应力敏感系数反而低于基块岩样,反映了现今构造运动活跃地区高水平应力作用下岩石破碎糜棱化及缝面脱落砂粒自支撑效应,弱化了裂缝应力敏感程度[22]
图5 应力敏感系数与气藏埋深的关系

Fig.5 Relationship between stress sensitivity coefficient and depth of gas reservoir

塔里木盆地深层致密砂岩气藏由于复杂的地质条件,其天然裂缝初始宽度对应力敏感的影响与鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区中浅层致密砂岩气藏差异较大,具体表现为应力敏感程度随裂缝宽度的增大而减弱[38]图6)。
图6 应力敏感系数与初始裂缝宽度的关系

Fig.6 Relationship between stress sensitivity coefficient and initial fracture width

3.5 应力敏感致密气层钻完井储层保护

深层致密砂岩储层具有较强的应力敏感性,对工程作业造成一系列困难,如工作液漏失、产能衰竭过快等[39]。基于对深层致密砂岩应力敏感性的评价,分析认为致密砂岩的初始孔渗、孔隙结构、矿物组分和天然裂缝发育程度是导致较高应力敏感的重要原因。明确深层致密砂岩应力敏感性行为特征,为优化堵漏配方、防控井漏提供依据。
井漏问题在裂缝性地层深井钻井与完井作业中显得更加突出[40]。裂缝性储层漏失性强且一般具有较高应力敏感性的特点,在发生井漏时需要采用堵漏剂封堵裂缝,控制工作液的漏失。在KS1井、KS2井钻开液体系中添加随钻堵漏材料,KS3井采用未优化的钻开液,根据漏失资料对比分析(表6),在试验井采用改良后的钻开液封堵储层裂缝,总漏失量分别为3.4 m3、13.9 m3,使用未优化钻开液的非试验井漏失量达1 239 m3,因此使用优化后的钻开液体系能够及时的封堵裂缝,达到储层保护的效果。改良钻开液、优化钻开液性能,提高钻开液对裂缝的封堵能力是控制工作液的漏失的主要方法。
表6 KS地区工作液漏失情况及漏失控制效果统计

Table 6 Statistics on the leakage of working fluid and the effect of leakage control in KS area

井号 漏失层段/m 漏失总量/m3 漏失原因 备注
KS1 7 509.0~7 635.0 3.4 储层裂缝发育 试验井
KS2 7 540.0~7 720.0 13.9 储层裂缝发育 试验井
KS3 6 703.0~6 742.0 1 239.0 储层裂缝非常发育 非试验井

4 结论

(1)塔里木盆地深层致密砂岩表现出较强应力敏感性。基块岩样应力敏感程度总体为中等偏强—强,其序列为:KS(0.771 4)>DB(0.654 0)>YM(0.579 6)。裂缝岩样应力敏感程度总体为中等偏强—强,其序列为:YM(0.726 2)>KS(0.693 5)>DB(0.626 5)。
(2)塔里木盆地深层致密砂岩基块应力敏感性受地层埋藏深度、孔隙结构和矿物组成控制。砂岩埋藏越深、岩石孔隙度渗透率越低、孔喉半径越小,应力敏感性越强。YM、DB、KS气藏石英含量分别为79.25%、68.00%、42.50%,DB与KS气藏黏土矿物含量相当,YM气藏最低,其应力敏感程度序列为YM<DB<KS,表现出岩石基块应力敏感程度随石英含量的增大、黏土矿物的减少而减弱。
(3)深层致密砂岩应力敏感性与非深层致密砂岩应力敏感性有明显差异。深层致密砂岩出现岩石破碎糜棱化及微裂缝发育的现象,强化了深层致密砂岩基块应力敏感程度;深层致密砂岩裂缝应力敏感程度随裂缝宽度增大而减小;KS气藏裂缝应力敏感系数反而低于基块岩样,反映出现今构造运动活跃地区高水平应力作用下岩石破碎糜棱化及缝面脱落砂粒自支撑效应,弱化了裂缝应力敏感程度。
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