The sandstone characteristics and hydrocarbon exploration signification of Lower Jurassic in middle east section of northern tectonic belt in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

  • Rong-hu Zhang , 1 ,
  • Hai-jun Yang 2 ,
  • Hong-xing Wei 2 ,
  • Chao-feng Yu 1 ,
  • Zhao Yang 1 ,
  • Jin Wu 1
Expand
  • 1. Hangzhou Institute of Geology, PetroChina, Hangzhou 310023, China
  • 2. PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla 841000, China

Received date: 2019-01-02

  Revised date: 2019-05-09

  Online published: 2019-10-14

Highlights

Jurassic of northern structural belt in Kuqa is “the 13th five-year plan” oil and gas exploration areas of focus to replace, according to national fourth time resource evaluation, the belt has a 565 million tons of oil equivalent of resources, but the resources to carry out the degree of only 3.7%. In order to clarify the exploration direction, favorable zone and trap type of the Middle and Lower Jurassic, a study on sedimentary microfacies and sand body configuration based on outcrop, drilling and logging is carried out. This paper clarified that the Middle-Lower Jurassic develops braided river delta plain-front-shore and shallow lake sedimentary system under the lacustrine invasion background of wide and gentle lake basin, among which the Ahe Formation deposited large scale braided channel giant sand body of the braided river delta upper plain, and Yangxia and Kezilenur Formations deposited medium-small channel medium-thin layer sand body of the lower plain-front of the braided river delta. In this paper, three kinds of sand body building models are established, and the vertical accretion sand body in the upper plain of the Ahe Formation is constructed. In the lower plain of Yangxia Formation, the transverse sand body of the river and the lateral channel of the leading edge of the Kezilenur are tectonic - lithology and lithologic oil and gas reservoir. It is advantageous to construct lithologic oil and gas reservoirs in the low-amplitude tectonic zone in the east, north and west wing of Tugeerming. The lithologic oil and gas reservoirs are second in the tectonic wing. The optimum area of the construction wing area is 700km2.The structure of the platform area of the Dibei slope zone is the most favorable. The porosity of the reservoir is 5.6%, with an average permeability of 0.75×10-3μm2 and a favorable area of 750km2. It provides reliable basis for the selection of favorable direction for the Middle-Lower Jurassic in the middle east section of the northern tectonic belt and the tectonic and lithological reservoirs in the large ancient uplift and slope background.

Cite this article

Rong-hu Zhang , Hai-jun Yang , Hong-xing Wei , Chao-feng Yu , Zhao Yang , Jin Wu . The sandstone characteristics and hydrocarbon exploration signification of Lower Jurassic in middle east section of northern tectonic belt in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2019 , 30(9) : 1243 -1252 . DOI: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2019.05.005

0 引言

库车坳陷北部构造带位于塔里木盆地北部山前带,西从克拉苏河开始,东至阳霞凹陷北缘野云2井,北始于山前,南至克拉苏构造带(图1),勘探面积为5 900km2,东西长为280km,南北宽约30km,东西向可划分为东段、中段及西段,即吐格尔明构造带、迪北斜坡带、巴什构造带[1,2,3,4]。全国第四次资源评价表明北部构造带资源量为12.1×108t,截至目前三级储量为1.16×108t,其中探明储量为0.38×108t,探明率为3.1%。早在1951—1983年,围绕地表油苗及浅层构造进行勘探,1958年发现了依奇克里克油田,为受构造控制的岩性油藏;随着1998年依南2井的钻探, 库车坳陷迪北斜坡带勘探程度不断提高, 发现了依南2号构造下侏罗统气藏及中侏罗统阿合组巨厚层砂岩储集体;2012年距离依南2井800m的迪西1井氮气钻获高产,解放了该区致密气藏的勘探,拓宽了天然气的勘探领域, 使得侏罗系成为“西气东输”的储备层系,库车坳陷天然气勘探的战略接替领域。前人[5,6]对这一领域研究认为:北部构造带构造样式具有东西分段特征,总体构造单一,以斜坡背景下的断背斜、断鼻及断块圈闭为主;中下侏罗统阿合组发育宽缓湖盆辫状河三角洲平原—前缘巨厚河道砂体[7,8,9,10,11,12];山前带储层非均质性强,受构造应力挤压明显,常规储层及致密储层均存在[13,14,15,16];油气藏成藏期较晚,以凝析油和正常成熟度的天然气为主[17]。为了在北部构造带中东段中下侏罗统优选有利勘探方向,寻找不同圈闭类型油气藏的有利靶区,发现大型古隆起、斜坡背景上的岩性油气藏是近期勘探的现实需求,需要开展基于露头、钻井和测井资料的沉积微相及砂体构型研究,为聚焦有利方向和目标评价提供可靠证据。
图1 库车坳陷北部构造带中东段下侏罗统地质特征概况

Fig.1 Geological characteristics of the Lower Jurassic in the middle east section of the northern tectonic belt of Kuqa Depression

1 地质概况

库车坳陷位于塔里木盆地北部,是在晚二叠世之前的古生代褶皱基底上历经晚二叠世—三叠纪前陆盆地、侏罗纪—古近纪伸展坳陷盆地和新近纪—第四纪再生前陆盆地演化而形成的。北部构造带中东段位于库车坳陷东北部,包括迪北斜坡带和吐格尔明背斜带(图1),经历多期构造运动,尤其是喜马拉雅运动晚期以来的构造运动导致构造变形强烈,逆冲断裂较为发育。控制迪北斜坡带的断裂为依奇克里克断裂,表现为北倾的逆冲断层,近东西走向,从三叠系断至古近系,研究区为发育于依奇克里克断裂下盘的大型断鼻。图1为塔里木盆地库车南斜坡地层、构造特征及成藏模式综合图,迪北地区主要发育中生界、新生界陆相碎屑沉积,含气层段主要为侏罗系阿合组(J1 a)、阳霞组(J1 y)和克孜勒努尔组(J2 kz),其中阿合组自上而下可划分出砂砾岩夹泥岩段、上砂砾岩段、下砂砾岩段;阳霞组自上而下可划分出炭质泥岩段、上泥岩煤层段、砂砾岩段和下泥岩煤层段;克孜勒努尔组自上而下可划分出上泥岩段、砂泥岩互层段、下泥岩段和煤层砂泥段。其中,阿合组主要为辫状河三角洲平原水下分流河道以及辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝、支流间湾沉积;阳霞组主要为滨浅湖、沼泽化滨浅湖—湖沼夹辫状河三角洲前缘沉积。烃源岩主要为三叠系黄山街组、侏罗系恰克马克组湖相烃源岩和三叠系塔里奇克组、侏罗系克孜勒努尔组—阳霞组煤系烃源岩,具有分布广、厚度大、有机质丰度高,现今成熟度普遍较高(Ro>1.0%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段),以生气为主的特征,为致密砂岩气藏发育提供了充足物质基础。三叠系塔里奇克组、侏罗系阳霞组、克孜勒努尔组源储共生及主力目的层阿合组构成“三明治”结构。储层主要分布在侏罗系的阿合组和阳霞组,其中阿合组厚度大(260~300m),大范围分布,埋藏差异较大,为1 200~6 000m,总体致密,非均质性强。新近系吉迪克组巨厚膏泥岩和膏盐岩可作为良好区域盖层,中上侏罗统厚层泥岩可作为直接盖层,天然气保存条件好。

2 中下侏罗统沉积体系及岩相古地理演化特征

通过分析露头、钻井资料表明,库车北部构造带中下侏罗统沉积时总体处于宽缓湖盆湖侵背景,阿合组至阳霞组、克孜勒努尔组发育辫状河三角洲平原—前缘—滨浅湖沉积体系(图2),其中阿合组受北部南天山物源和东部东天山物源控制,为湖侵早期低位域沉积背景,以辫状河三角洲上平原—下平原沉积为主,发育大型板状交错层理、槽状交错层理、冲刷面及河道滞留砾石层等沉积构造,岩性主要为砂砾岩、含砾粗砂岩、粗砂岩及中砂岩,地层厚度一般为300~420m,砂地比为85%~90%,沉积相带横向展布稳定(图3)。
图2 库车坳陷北部构造带中下侏罗统(阿合组—阳霞组—克孜勒努尔组)沉积相模式

Fig.2 Sedimentary facies model of Middle and Lower Jurassic (Ahe-Yangxia-Kezilenur Formations)

图3 库车坳陷东部下侏罗统阿合组沉积相平面及照片

库车河东露头剖面侏罗系阿合组沉积砂体特征:(a)沉积相平面展布;(b)大型板状交错层理含砾粗砂岩;(c)大型板状交错层理粗砂岩

Fig.3 Plan of sedimentary facies of Lower Jurassic Ahe Formation in the eastern part of Kuqa Depression in the northern tectonic belt of Kuqa Depression

下侏罗统阳霞组总体为湖侵中期沉积背景,广泛发育辫状河三角洲平原沼泽沉积的煤层和间湾泥岩,发育小型辫状河道,岩性以发育板状交错层理、低角度交错层理及冲刷面的含砾中砂岩和细砂岩为主,地层厚度一般为500~600m,砂地比一般为30%~50%,沉积相带横向展布变化较大,自东向西砂地比减低,辫状河三角洲平原相带变窄,前缘相带趋于发育(图4)。
图4 库车坳陷东部下侏罗统阳霞组沉积相平面特征

Fig.4 Plan of sedimentary facies of Lower Jurassic Yangxia Formation in the eastern part of Kuqa Depression

中侏罗统克孜勒努尔组砂泥岩互层段为湖侵晚期高位域沉积背景下,辫状河三角洲前缘—滨浅湖沉积,发育小型板状交错层理、槽状交错层理、冲刷面,岩性主要为含砾中砂岩和细砂岩,地层厚度一般为300~460m,砂地比一般小于40%,沉积相带横向展布相对稳定(图5)。
图5 库车坳陷东部侏罗统克孜勒努尔组砂泥岩互层段沉积相平面特征

Fig.5 Plan of sedimentary facies of Middle Jurassic Kezilenur Formation in the eastern part of Kuqa Depression

3 中下侏罗统砂体特征

3.1 阿合组巨厚砂体特征

阿合组沉积巨厚砂体,主要为辫状河三角洲上平原辫状河道沉积,砂体垂向连续加积,横向镶嵌叠置连片,复合砂体横向稳定延伸距离超过10km,累计厚度一般为280~350m,单砂体一般为2~5m,复合砂体一般为30~50m(图6)。
图6 库车坳陷北部构造带中段(库车河地区)下侏罗统阿合组沉积砂体及其构型

Fig.6 Sedimentary sand body and its configuration map of Lower Jurassic Ahe Formation in the middle section (Kuqa river area) of the northern tectonic belt of Kuqa Depression

3.2 阳霞组中薄层砂体特征

阳霞组上泥岩煤层段、砂砾岩段沉积中薄层砂体,自吐格尔明背斜地区向迪北斜坡带地区砂地比逐步降低,并趋于尖灭,主要为辫状河三角洲下平原—前缘沉积,砂体垂向不连续加积,横向呈透镜状延伸较远,砂体累计厚度一般为40~260m,单砂体一般为2~4m,复合砂体一般为10~50m(图7)。
图7 库车坳陷北部构造带中东段侏罗系阳霞组中下部沉积砂体对比及构型

(a) 吐格尔明—迪北地区沉积砂体对比图;(b) 迪北地区阳霞组砂体构型

Fig.7 Sedimentary sand body correlation and configuration diagram in the middle and lower part of Jurassic Yangxia Formation in the middle eastern section of northern tectonic belt of Kuqa Depression

3.3 克孜勒努尔组薄层砂体特征

克孜勒努尔组砂泥岩互层段沉积8个旋回,8套复合薄层砂体,主要为辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,砂体垂向上不连续发育,最厚为30~35m,一般为5~20m,横向上呈透镜状分布且延伸较近,一般小于1.8km,主要为500~1 000m(图8)。
图8 库车坳陷北部构造带吐格尔明地区侏罗系克孜勒努尔组上部砂体特征

Fig.8 Characteristics of upper sand body of Jurassic Kezilenur Formation in Tugeerming area,northern tectonic belt of Kuqa Depression

4 构造及构造—岩性油气藏勘探意义

4.1 中薄层砂体规模优质储层构造—岩性型油气藏

库车坳陷北部构造带东段吐格尔明背斜北翼低幅度构造区中薄层砂体发育,储层物性较好,构造—岩性油气藏最有利,如吐东2井获近20年勘探重大发现,克孜勒努尔组和阳霞组中薄层砂体油气层累计厚度120.2m,测试日产油33.7m3,日产气12.748 5×104m3,证实了砂体类型及成藏模式,凸显了构造—岩性油气藏勘探的巨大潜力。其中克孜勒努尔组储层孔隙类型以残余原生粒间孔为主,厚度为150~200m,孔隙度一般为10%~14%,平均为11.3%,渗透率主要在(10~100)×10-3μm2之间;阳霞组储层孔隙类型以残余原生粒间孔和粒内溶孔为主,厚度为180~220m,孔隙度主要为10%~12%,平均为10.5%,渗透率主要在(1~100)×10-3μm2之间。构造翼部岩性油气藏次之,背斜构造主体高部位区受喜马拉雅晚期强烈逆冲构造活动影响,侏罗系出露地表,区域盖层新近系吉迪克组膏泥岩和直接盖层克孜勒努尔组泥岩遭部分剥蚀或剥蚀殆尽,构造油气藏保存条件较差,尤其背斜南翼地表油苗普遍,油气藏破坏严重,如明南1井。
吐格尔明背斜北翼、西翼及东翼构造—岩性油气藏有利区面积为700km2,吐格尔明背斜东翼鼻状带为300km2,吐格尔明北翼鼻状带为310km2,西翼斜坡区为90km2。有利区地质储量天然气约为2 800×108m3,凝析油为7 000×104t(图9)。
图9 库车坳陷北部构造带吐格尔明背斜东西向侏罗系油气成藏模式

Fig.9 Jurassic hydrocarbon accumulation model in the east-west direction of Tugeerming anticline in the northern tectonic belt of Kuqa Depression

4.2 巨厚砂体低渗致密储层构造型油气藏

库车坳陷北部构造带中段迪北斜坡带阿合组巨厚层砂体发育,斜坡背景的平台区构造油气藏最为有利(图10)。阿合组储层孔隙类型以粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔为主,储层厚度差异较大,其中库车河—克孜勒努尔沟地区为280~300m;克孜1井—迪探1井区小于50m;迪北—吐孜地区为90~140m,有利面积可达750km2。库车河—克孜勒努尔沟露头区储层孔隙度一般为7%~12%;克孜1井—迪探1井区储层孔隙度一般小于3%;迪北地区储层孔隙度主要为4%~8%,平均为5.6%,渗透率为(0.1~10)×10-3μm2,平均为0.75×10-3μm2,总体为低渗致密储层,如依南2井(图11)。
图10 库车坳陷北部构造带中东段迪北斜坡带—吐格尔明隆起带侏罗系成藏模式

Fig.10 Jurassic accumulation model in the Dibei slope belt-Tugeerming uplift belt, middle-east section of northern tectonic belt of Kuqa Depression

图11 库车坳陷北部构造带中段(库车河—迪北斜坡带)侏罗系阿合组储层对比剖面

Fig.11 Reservoir correlation map of Jurassic Ahe Formation in the middle part (Kuqa river-Dibei slope belt) of northern tectonic belt of Kuqa Depression

5 结论

(1)明确了库车北部构造带中下侏罗统沉积时期总体处于宽缓湖盆湖侵背景,阿合组至阳霞组、克孜勒努尔组属于辫状河三角洲平原—前缘—滨浅湖沉积体系,其中阿合组发育辫状河三角洲上平原大型辫状河道巨厚砂体,阳霞组、克孜勒努尔组发育辫状河三角洲下平原—前缘中小型河道中薄层砂体。
(2)建立了中、下侏罗统3种有利成藏的辫状河三角洲砂体特征模型,阿合组上平原河道垂向加积砂体是构造油气藏勘探领域;阳霞组下平原河道横向叠瓦砂体和克孜勒努尔前缘水道侧积透镜状砂体是构造—岩性、岩性油气藏勘探领域。
(3)形成了吐格尔明背斜带晚期成藏3种油气藏的勘探思路:翼部低幅度构造区克孜勒努尔组和阳霞组构造—岩性油气藏最有利;构造翼部克孜勒努尔组岩性油气藏次之;构造主体区阿合组构造油气藏保存条件较差;优选了构造翼部斜坡区有利勘探面积为700km2
(4)夯实了迪北斜坡~带平台区勘探思路,阿合组储层孔隙度主要为4%~8%,平均为5.6%,渗透率为(0.1~10)×10-3μm2,平均为0.75×10-3μm2,构造裂缝较发育,储层厚度为90~140m,构造背景下致密油气藏最有利,有利面积可达750km2
1
Chen Fajing , Wang Xinwen , Zhang Guangya , et al . The Tectonic Evolution Related with Oil and Gas in the Northern Tarim Basin in Xinjiang[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1996.

陈发景,汪新文,张光亚,等 .新疆塔里木盆地北部构造演化与油气关系[M].北京:地质出版社, 1996.

2
Jia Chengzao , Gu Jiayu , Zhang Guangya . The geological conditions of large and medium gas fields to form in Kuqa Depression[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2002,47(supplement):49-55.

贾承造,顾家裕,张光亚 .库车拗陷大中型气田形成的地质条件[J].科学通报,2002,47(增刊): 49-55.

3
He Dengfa , Li Desheng . Tectonic Evolution and Oil-Gas Accumulation in Tarim Basin[M].Beijing: Geological Publishing House,1996.

何登发,李德生 .塔里木盆地构造演化与油气聚集[M].北京:地质出版社, 1996.

4
Liu Zhihong , Lu Huafu , Jia Chengzao , et al . Structures and hydrocarbon accumulation in Kuqa rejuvenated foreland basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology,2001, 22(4): 297-303.

刘志宏,卢华复,贾承造,等 .库车再生前陆盆地的构造与油气[J].石油与天然气地质2001,22(4): 297-303.

5
Gu Jiayu , Zhu Xiaomin , Jia Jinhua , et al . Sedimentation and Reservoir in the Tarim Basin[M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press,2004.

顾家裕,朱筱敏,贾进华,等 .塔里木盆地沉积与储层[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.

6
Jia Chengzao , Zhang Shiben , Wu Shaozu , et al . Tarim Basin and Its Surrounding Strata[M]. Beijing: Science Press,2004.

贾承造,张师本,吴绍祖,等 .塔里木盆地及周边地层[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.

7
Wang Genhai , Shou Jianfeng . The relationship between the characteristics of sand bodies and the properties of Lower Jurassic reservoirs in eastern Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2001,28(4):33-35.

王根海,寿建峰 .库车坳陷东部下侏罗统砂体特征与储集层性质的关系[J].石油勘探与开发,2001,28(4):33-35.

8
Zhang Nini , Liu Luofu , Su Tianxi , et al . Reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of the Lower Jurassic tight sandstone in eastern Kuqa Depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(1): 160-169.

张妮妮,刘洛夫,苏天喜,等 .库车坳陷东部下侏罗统致密砂岩储层特征及主控因素[J].沉积学报,2015,33(1):160-169.

9
Yang Fan , Di Hongli , Wang Shaoyi , et al . Reservoir characteristics and genesis of the Jurassic in Yiqikelike tectonic zone of Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography,2002,4(2): 46-55.

杨帆,邸宏利,王少依,等 .塔里木盆地库车坳陷依奇克里克构造带侏罗系储层特征及成因[J].古地理学报,2002,4(2):46-55.

10
Chen Ziliao , Shou Jianfeng , Zhang Huiliang , et al . Heterogeneity of reservoirs from Arhe Formation Lower Jurassic in Tugeerming, Kuqa Depression[J]. Oil & Gas Geology,2001,22(1):60-63.

陈子炓,寿建峰,张惠良,等 .库车坳陷吐格尔明下侏罗统阿合组储层沉积非均质性[J].石油与天然气地质,2001,22(1):60-63.

11
Zhang Huiliang , Shou Jianfeng , Chen Ziliao , et al . Sedimentary characteristics and sandstone body distribution of the Lower Jurassic in Kuqa Depression[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2002,4(3):47-58.

张惠良,寿建峰,陈子炓,等 .库车坳陷下侏罗统沉积特征及砂体展布[J].古地理学报,2002,4(3):47-58.

12
Shen Yanping , Wu Chaodong , Yue Laiqun , et al . An analysis of Jurassic sandstone fragment components and their provenance in Kuqa Depression[J]. Journal of Earth Science,2005,26(3):235-240.

申延平,吴朝东,岳来群,等 .库车坳陷侏罗系砂岩碎屑组分及物源分析[J].地球学报,2005,26(3):235-240.

13
He Hong , Guo Jianhua , Gao Yunfeng . Jurassic sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies in Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute,2002,24(4):1-3.

何宏,郭建华,高云峰 .塔里木盆地库车坳陷侏罗系层序地层与沉积相[J].江汉石油学院学报,2002,24(4):1-3.

14
Shou Jianfeng , Zhang Huiliang , Shen Yang . The analysis of controlling factors on sandstone diagenesis and porosity preservation of Lower Juarassic in Tugeerming Anticline, Kuqa forland basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2007,25(6):869-875.

寿建峰,张惠良,沈扬 .库车前陆地区吐格尔明背斜下侏罗统砂岩成岩作用及孔隙发育的控制因素分析[J].沉积学报,2007,25(6):869-875.

15
Liu Yuntian , Chen Ziliao , Shi Zejin , et al . High resolution sequence stratigraphy in Lower Jurassic Ahe Formation in Kuqa Depression[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology: Science & Technology Edition, 2004,31(1):40-45.

刘云田,陈子炓,施泽进,等 .库车坳陷下侏罗统阿合组高分辨率层序地层特征[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2004, 31(1):40-45.

16
He Hong , Guo Jianhua , Gao Yunfeng . Jurassic sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies in Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute, 2002, 24(4):1-3.

何宏,郭建华,高云峰 .塔里木盆地库车坳陷侏罗系层序地层与沉积相[J].江汉石油学报,2002,24(4):1-3.

17
Wang Zhaoming , Zhong Duan . Oil and Gas Geology in Outcrop Area of Kuqa Foreland Basin[M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press,2004:201-205.

王招明,钟端 .库车前陆盆地露头区油气地质[M].北京:石油工业出版社, 2004:201-205.

18
Huang Kenan , Zhan Jiazhen , Zou Yisheng , et al . Sedimentary environments and palaeoclimate of the Triassic and Jurassic in Kuqa River area, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2003,5(2):197-206.

黄克难,詹家镇,邹义声,等 .新疆库车河地区三叠系和侏罗系沉积环境及古气候[J].古地理学报,2003,5(2):197-206.

Outlines

/