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Natural Gas Geoscience ›› 2022, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 495-511.doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2021.12.001

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Investigation of shale permeability sensitivity mechanism based on digital core analysis

Lan REN1(),Jianjun WU2,Ran LIN1(),Jinzhou ZHAO1,Xiucheng TAN1,Jianfa WU3,Yi SONG3   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation，Southwest Petroleum University，Chengdu 610500，China
    2.PetroChina Coalbed Methane Co. ，Ltd. ，Beijing 100028，China
    3.PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company，Chengdu 610051，China
  • Received:2021-08-08 Revised:2021-11-18 Online:2022-04-10 Published:2022-04-22
  • Contact: Ran LIN E-mail:renlanswpu@163.com;bob_home@126.com
  • Supported by:
    The National Natural Science Foundation of China（Youth Program）(52104039);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19A2043);the Science and Technology Cooperation Project of the CNPC-SWPU Innovation Alliance(2020CX030201)

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Abstract:

Permeability is one of the most important parameters for reservoir exploitation， especially for unconventional reservoir such as shale gas reservoir. According to experimental results and field data， shale permeability will change with the variation of reservoir pressure and formation stress， especially when rock occurs failure due to pressure and stress perturbation during hydraulic fracturing， its permeability will change drastically. So far， however， measuring shale rock permeability by triaxial stress experiment is expensive and difficult. Particularly， there is no comprehensive theoretical method to estimate permeability change after rock occurs failure. This paper aims to use numerical method to investigate the dependence of shale rock permeability on triaxial stress and pore pressure， and analyzes the impact of rock failure， resulted from stress and pressure change， on the permeability. Firstly， this paper built a digital shale rock cylinder by combining discrete element method （DEM）， fluid-solid coupling model， and servomechanical algorithm. Secondly， all the crucial micro parameters （particle number， size， stiffness， bond strength， etc.） of the digital rock were delicately calibrated according to the experimental data of real rock sample collected from Bakken shale reservoir， making the macro-mechanical property and seepage characteristic of digital rock consistent with real rock sample. Thirdly， based on the calibrated micro-parameters of digital rock cylinder， we re-constructed a digital rock cube， which could be used for numerical permeability test under true triaxial condition to simulate the permeability change under different pressure and stress （x， y， z-axis） states. Finally， some natural fractures （weak bonding plane） were preset in digital rock cube， and the shale rock permeability was estimated after fracture failure occurs due to pressure and stress change. The research results show that intact shale cube permeability will decrease with triaxial stress increasing or pore pressure decreasing. Besides， the permeability of shale rock cube will be affected by the natural fractures’ property and failure states. In general， as the triaxial stress increases， the natural fractures in shale rock cube will occur failure gradually， meanwhile， its permeability will rise remarkably in the beginning. However， after most of the natural fractures have occurred failure under high-stress or high-pressure states， shale permeability will turn to decrease as the stress continues to increase. This paper proposed a numerical method of shale rock permeability test to explore the inner mechanism and exterior behavior of shale permeability dependence on triaxial stress， pore pressure， and rock failure states， providing theoretical guidance and field application potential for fracturing design and efficient development of shale reservoir.

Key words: Shale, Permeability sensitivity, Discrete element method, Triaxial stress, Natural fractures, Hydraulic fracturing

CLC Number: 

  • TE357

Fig.1

The linear contact and linear parallel bond components model"

Fig.2

A connection between two contacted particle balls"

Fig.3

A flow pipe consisted of three connections"

Fig.4

A pressure domain consisted of four flow pipes"

Table 1

The tested parameters of cylinder shale core sample from Bakken Formation[57]"

参数数值备注
岩心高度/m0.050 8
岩心直径/m0.025 4
孔隙度/%4.916
杨氏模量/GPa75.85
泊松比/无量纲0.217
抗压强度/MPa122.15CP： 0 MPa
150.24CP： 10 MPa
176.48CP： 20 MPa
内聚力/MPa35.104
摩擦系数/（°）32.9

渗透率

/（10-6 μm2）

0.63孔隙压力： 0 MPa 周向围压： 0 MPa
0.122孔隙压力： 3.5 MPa 周向围压： 20 MPa
0.175孔隙压力： 5.5 MPa 周向围压： 20 MPa
0.199孔隙压力： 7.5 MPa 周向围压： 20 MPa
0.136孔隙压力： 7.5 MPa 周向围压： 30 MPa
0.133孔隙压力： 7.5 MPa 周向围压： 40 MPa

Fig.5

Discrete element model of digital core cylinder of shale sample"

Table 2

Primary parameters of the calibrated digital core cylinder"

参数数值
岩心高度/m0.050 8
岩心直径/m0.025 4
岩石胶结系数/无量纲0.7
离散单元个数/无量纲3 790
接触单元个数/无量纲19 290
离散单元直径/m0.001
离散单元法向刚度/（N/m）2.70×1011
离散单元切向刚度/（N/m）8.00×1010
离散单元摩擦系数/无量纲0
平行连接单元法向刚度/（N/m）2.70×1013
平行连接单元切向刚度/（N/m）8.00×1012
平行连接单元抗张强度/Pa1.00×107
平行连接单元内聚力/Pa3.30×107
平行连接单元摩擦角/（°）30

Fig.6

The axial stress-strain curve of quasi-triaxial compression test simulation of digital core cylinder"

Fig.7

The axial-circumferential strain curve of quasi-triaxial compression test simulation of digital core cylinder （confining pressure： 0 MPa）"

Fig.8

The pore pressure distribution in the digital core cylinder during permeability test （confining pressure： 20 MPa； pore pressure： 7.5 MPa）"

Table 3

The comparison between laboratory test and simulation test results of shale rock core from Bakken Formation"

参数测量/模拟数值备注
真实岩心数值岩心相对误差/%
孔隙度/%4.9164.9120.08
杨氏模量/GPa75.8575.280.75
泊松比0.2170.2150.92
抗压强度/MPa122.15119.342.30周向围压： 0 MPa
150.24151.320.72周向围压： 10 MPa
176.48175.730.42周向围压： 20 MPa
渗透率/（10-6 μm2）0.630.6083.49孔隙压力： 0 MPa 周向围压： 0 MPa
0.1220.1192.46孔隙压力： 3.5 MPa 周向围压： 20 MPa
0.1750.1721.71孔隙压力： 5.5 MPa 周向围压： 20 MPa
0.1990.2042.51孔隙压力： 7.5 MPa 周向围压： 20 MPa
0.1360.1392.21孔隙压力： 7.5 MPa 周向围压： 30 MPa
0.1330.1283.76孔隙压力： 7.5 MPa 周向围压： 40 MPa

Fig.9

Discrete element model of digital core cube of shale sample"

Table 4

Primary parameters of the calibrated digital core cube"

参数数值
岩心边长/m0.025 4
岩石胶结系数/无量纲0.7
离散单元个数2 230
接触单元个数10 578
离散单元直径/m0.001
离散单元法向刚度/（N/m）2.70×1011
离散单元切向刚度/（N/m）8.00×1010
离散单元摩擦系数/无量纲0
平行连接单元法向刚度/（N/m）2.70×1013
平行连接单元切向刚度/（N/m）8.00×1012
平行连接单元抗张强度/Pa1.00×107
平行连接单元内聚力/Pa3.30×107
平行连接单元摩擦角/（°）30

Fig.10

The pore pressure distribution in the digital core cube during permeability test （confining pressure：σx =σy =σz =20 MPa； pore pressure： 7.5 MPa）"

Fig.11

The influence of x-y-z triaxial stress changes on permeability of digital shale cube （no natural ftracture）under different pore pressures"

Fig.12

The influence of x axial stress changes on permeability of digital shale cube （no natural fracture） under different pore pressures"

Fig.13

A digital shale core cube with a disk-shaped natural fracture（green）"

Table 5

The geometric and mechanical parameters of the disk-shaped natural fracture in digital core"

参数数值
天然裂缝直径/cm2.54
天然裂缝倾角/（°）90
天然裂缝逼近角/（°）30
天然裂缝抗张强度/MPa1.03
天然裂缝内聚力/MPa5.97
天然裂缝摩擦系数/无量纲0.20

Fig.14

The spatial distribution of bond failures in digital core under different x axial stresses"

Fig.15

The quantity of bond failures and core permeability under different x axial stresses"

Fig.16

Digital shale core cubes with disk-shaped natural fractures（green） of different quantities"

Table 6

The geometric and mechanical parameters of disk-shaped natural fractures in digital cores with different quantity"

参数数值
天然裂缝平均直径/cm0.254
天然裂缝数量/条50， 100， 200
天然裂缝平均倾角/（°）90
天然裂缝平均逼近角/（°）30
天然裂缝抗张强度/MPa1
天然裂缝内聚力/MPa6
天然裂缝摩擦系数/无量纲0.2

Fig.17

Spatial distribution of bond failures（red） in shale cubes with different natural fractures （NF） dip angle under different x-axis stress"

Fig.18

The influence of natural fracture quantity and x-axis stress on bond failures and permeability of shale cube"

Fig.19

Digital shale core cubes with disk-shaped natural fractures（green） of different dip angles"

Fig.20

Spatial distribution of bond failures（red） in shale cubes with different natural fractures （NF） quantity under different x-axis stress"

Fig.21

The influence of natural fracture dip angle and x-axis stress on bond failures and permeability of shale cube"

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