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Natural Gas Geoscience ›› 2021, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (10): 1421-1435.doi: 10.11764/j.issn.1672-1926.2021.08.013

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The multi-path gas generation model and its potential contribution to petroleum accumulation in deep formations

Shuichang ZHANG1,2(),Kun HE1,2,Xiaomei WANG1,2,Guoyi HU1,2,Bin ZHANG1,2,Jingkui MI1,2,Jin SU1,2   

  1. 1.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development，PetroChina，Beijing 100083，China
    2.Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry，CNPC，Beijing 100083，China
  • Received:2021-07-05 Revised:2021-08-14 Online:2021-10-10 Published:2021-10-21
  • Supported by:
    The National Key Research & Development Program of China(2017YFC0603102);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41973068);the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences（Class A）(XDA14010101)

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Abstract:

Deep to ultra-deep formations are important breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration at present and in the future. Understanding of the generation pathway， mechanism and potential of natural gas at high thermal maturation stages is beneficial to develop natural gas generation theory and to guide petroleum exploration in deep formations. Combined with extensive pyrolysis experiments and kinetic calculations， the maturity and temperature stages （gas generation time-limit） as well as potential of gas generation from various sources and pathways were discussed， and a multi-path gas generation model was established. The gas generation from thermal degradation of type I/II kerogens （kerogen primary cracking） can extend to RO of 3.5% with the maximum yield of 120-140 m3/tTOC， the potential of kerogen cracking gas at RO>2.0% can reach 20-40 m3/tTOC. The kinetics for the cracking of whole oil components were also addressed. It is proposed that intensive cracking of liquid hydrocarbons at a heating rate of 2 ℃/Ma mainly occurs at 190-220 ℃ with the corresponding maturity of RO=2.0%-2.3%. The contributions of gas derived from thermal cracking of residual hydrocarbons in source rocks and hydrocarbons outside the source are ~80 m3/tTOC and 200 m3/tTOC， respectively. The onset temperature for ethane cracking is higher than 230 ℃. Thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） leads to a decrease of 20–40 ℃ in temperature for the occurrence of oil cracking， accelerating the efficient accumulation of natural gas with high content of hydrogen sulfide （H2S）. Besides， gas generation via hydrogenation involving inorganic fluids and minerals promotes gas potential for about 20%-30%， and is one of the pathways for the generation of high-over mature gas in deep formations. The multi-path gas generation process constitutes an integrated evolution sequence of natural gas formation， revealing that there is large-scale gas exploration potential under the traditional “deadline” of oil and gas in deep to ultra-deep formations.

Key words: Deep formation, Gas generation time-limit, Kerogen cracking gas, Oil cracking gas, Organic-inorganic interactions

CLC Number: 

  • TE122.1

Fig.1

The traditional petroleum generation model and exploration gold-zone"

Table 1

The geochemical characteristics of source rocks"

样品编号层位深度/m岩性TOC/%Tmax/℃S1/（mg/g）S2/（mg/g）IH/（mg/gTOC）RO/%
朝73-87白垩系嫩江祖834.6泥岩4.894401.3942.06860.10.5
达11-3白垩系嫩江祖1 710泥岩3.714440.9130.74828.60.5
KSL二叠系大隆组露头泥岩14.494381.757.05393.70.7
XML-1元古界下马岭组283.1页岩7.394361.3328.37383.90.6
XML-2元古界下马岭组282.3页岩11.374481.1457.11502.30.6

Fig.2

The gas yields （a） and activation energy distribution （b） for the primary cracking of low mature type I/II kerogens"

Fig.3

The activation energies and temperatures for the cracking of different oils or hydrocarbons and for the primary cracking of kerogen"

Fig.4

The gas generation model for the cracking of whole oil components"

Fig.5

The evolutions of δ13C2 with wetness （a） and with δ13C1 （b） for the conventional gas and shale gas in the Sichuan Basin"

Fig.6

The mixing models for the quantitative determination of kerogen and oil cracking gas （modified after ZHANG et al.［29］）"

Fig.7

The activation energy distributions （a） and conversion curves （b） for oil thermal cracking and TSR"

Fig.8

The models for the quantitative determination of the contribution of hydrogenation by water for gas generation （referred to HE et al. ［77］）"

Fig.9

The conversion for hydrocarbon gas generation from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis involving H2 and various carbon sources"

Fig.10

The multi-path gas generation model in deep formations of sedimentary basins"

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